Browsing by Author "Chandimal, K.M."

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Analysis of the mandibular molar dental measurements of skeletal remains of prehistoric and recent human populations in Sri Lanka
(Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, 2009) Chandimal, K.M.; Yasawardena, S.G.; Adikari, G.
The dental analysis of prehistoric skeletal remains of Pothana, Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
(12th Annual Research Symposium, University of Kelaniya, 2011) Chandimal, K.M.; Yasawardene, S.G.; Adikari, G.
A detailed analysis of dentition is of utmost importance in finding answers to specific questions regarding heath status, dietary preferences, behavioral patterns and biological affinities of prehistoric populations, and is of paramount importance to archaeologists. Dental remains from prehistoric skeletal remains at Pothana date back to more than 4500 BP were used in this study. Permanent teeth (54 in no.) obtained from these adult human skeletal remains were studied. The detailed morphological and metrical analysis of permanent dentition was done and the crown index (B-L/M-Dx100) and robustness values (B-L x M-D) calculated for each tooth by following the methods described in Bass 2005 and Marting and Saller 1957 -1959, using measured mesio-distal and bucco-lingual diameters of lower molar teeth. The morphological traits: shovel shape of incisors, carabelli‟s cusp, taurodontism, para molar cusps and cusp number and molar groove pattern of mandibular teeth of the dentition were studied. The pattern of dental attrition, staining & discoloration of teeth and pathological conditions were studied. The crown surface area (robustness value) of available lower teeth decreases Molar 1 (M1) > M2 >M3 and the crown index decreases M3 > M2 >M1 of Pothana skeletal remains. Five cusp patterns were observed in the available first lower molar and the four cusp pattern was observed in lower second and third molar teeth. The upper molar showed the four and three cusp pattern. The groove patterns were not observed on first and second molar due to high stage of attrition but Y groove pattern was observed on 3rd lower molar teeth. There was no evidence of crowding, taurodontism, shovel shaped incisors, artificial deformations, carabelli‟s cusp, para molar cusps. The attrition differential between the anterior and posterior dentition was clearly evident. High attrition was observed in most of the anterior teeth in many instances rather than in molar and premolar. This is comparable to the dental attrition pattern of Pomparippu population reported by Lukacs 1973, and the dental attrition pattern of Balangoda population by Kennedy 1986. This indicates the higher usage of anterior teeth by extinct population than the post canine dentition. The cause for the higher wear pattern on anterior teeth may be due to the higher usage of incisors and canines as tools to manipulate or to hold various objects. The pathological conditions including carious decay, periodontal diseases were absent in the teeth samples from Pothana. This is comparable to the reported good dental heath state of Balangoda population by Kennedy 1973, and contrasts with the low dental health of Pomparippu population described by Lukacs 1973.
The determination of age, sex and stature of prehistoric human skeletal remains excavated from Sigiriya Potana in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, 2009) Chandimal, K.M.; Yasawardene, S.G.; Adikari, G.
The distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups in purana inhabitants of Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
(12th Annual Research Symposium, University of Kelaniya, 2011) Chandimal, K.M.; Yasawardene, S.G.; Adikari, G.
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1901, and since then, has been of major importance in medicine. Racial and ethnic differences in blood type and composition are documented. The frequency with which blood types are observed is determined by the frequency with which the alleles of the ABO gene are found in different parts of the world. The blood type purity depends on migration, diseases, inter-relational reproductive opportunity, traditions and customs, geography, and the initial assigned blood type. The purana population in Sigiriya who face imminent threat of extinction, trace their ancestry to the times of the Sinhalese King of the 5th Century A.D. This study was carried out to determine the distribution of ABO and Rh phenotype in purana inhabitants of Talkote, Diyakepilla, Alakolaweva,Pidurangala, purana villages at the foot of Sigiriya rock. One thousand and ten purana inhabitants belonging to purana pedigree were included in this study and those who belong to other pedigrees were excluded. The individual selection was based on verbal pedigree analysis and pedigree was traced back to at least three generations. Capillary blood was used to determine the individual blood group by using commercially available anti A, anti B, anti D antibodies. More than 98% of purana population showed Rh positivity while the distribution of O, B, A, and AB phenotypes were 55%, 32%,10% and 03% respectively. The percentage distribution of blood group phenotype O of purana population is higher than the reported values of Sinhalese-45%, Tamils-39%, Muslims-42% and Burghers-45% in different racial groups in Sri Lanka, reported by N.S De Zoyza in 1985. The reported value of blood group O in vedda group is 47% according to Weber 2005, while the Australian Aborigines being 61% (World Blood Bank record). The percentage value of blood group phenotype A is comparable with the values of Veddas (9.8%) reported by Weber 2005 and this is contrasting with other racial groups in Sri Lanka, value being of more than 20% of each population. The percentage of phenotype A in purana inhabitants in Sigiriya is comparable with the Sakai (Malaysia), Nicobarese (Nicobars) primitive groups in Southeast Asia reported by Weber 2005. The percentage value of AB phenotype of purana inhabitants of Sigiriya is comparable with the Vedda group in Sri Lanka being 2% and Khmer (Combodia) primitive groups in Southeast Asia reported by Weber 2005. The blood group distribution of purana inhabitants confirms their isolated nature with minimum migration, inter-relational marriages and reproductive opportunity.
Extraction and analysis of ancient DNA from human remains from the Polonnaruwa historic site in Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, 2012) Chandimal, K.M.; Yasawardene, S.G.; Illeperuma, R.
Extraction and analysis of ancient DNA from human skeletal remains from Sri Lanka
(12th Annual Research Symposium, University of Kelaniya, 2011) Chandimal, K.M.; Illeperuma, R.J.; Yasawardene, S.G.
Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) gives archaeologists and anthropologists alternative and innovative ways to interpret and understand the past. The postmortem instability of nucleic acids, presence of inhibitory factors for analysis and the contamination with modern DNA prevent authentic and high recovery of undamaged DNA from archeological specimens. Ancient DNA is heavily modified over time, mainly due to spontaneous hydrolysis and oxidation and consequently, most such specimens do not contain any Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifiable endogenous DNA while those that do amplify, generate only fragments in 100 – 500 base pairs in size. Nonetheless, the preservation rate of DNA in human remains is very low under tropical conditions in Sri Lanka due to environmental conditions of high temperature and high humidity. The present study attempts to optimize a method of extracting and PCR amplification of DNA from older human skeletal remains. Samples were obtained under strict measures to prevent contamination with modern DNA. A 15year old (15YH) human humerus excavated from a burial site at Kuliyapitiya and a 40year old (40YT) human tibia from the bone collection of Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenapura, were analyzed. DNA was extracted by a modified Phenol / chloroform method from each specimen and was subjected to PCR using nested reactions in generating 4 overlapping fragments between the nucleotide positions 15978 and 16417 of the human mitochondrial genome. The success of PCR amplifications were verified upon agarose gel electrophoresis. At all the four reactions per each bone generated DNA fragments of desired length (378bp, 247bp, 233bp and 233bp). The products were purified and are being sequenced. The present study established methodologies for extracting and analyzing of aDNA which has been exposed to climatic and environment conditions that favor rapid DNA degradation. This optimized methodology is being applied for mtDNA analysis of prehistoric human skeletal remains from Bellan bandi palassa, Fahien lena, Sigiriya Pothana, Miniethiliya etc.
Facial (Prosopic) Index in Purana Inhabitants at the Foot of Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
(University of Kelaniya, 2012) Chandimal, K.M.; Yasawardene, S.G.; Adikari, G.
The physical dimensions of the human body depend on age, gender, race, geography, nutrition and many more factors. Cephalometry is an important branch of anthropometry which involves measurements of the head and face. The facial (prosopic) dimension is an important cephalometric parameter which is used to describe gender and racial differences. The Purana population in Sigiriya who face imminent threat of extinction, traces their ancestry to the times of the Sinhalese kings of the 5th century A.D. This study was carried out to describe facial morphological characteristics of Purana inhabitants living at Talkote, Diyakepilla, Pidurangala and Nagalaweva- Purana villages at the foot of Sigiriya. One hundred and seven (107) adult males and 208 adult female Purana inhabitants belonging to Purana pedigree were included in the study. The individual selection was based on verbal pedigree analysis, and pedigree was traced back to at least three generations and those who had craniofacial deformities were excluded from the study. The length and width of the face of the selected Purana inhabitants were measured by spreading caliper, and the facial index was calculated. In general, Purana female measurements were less compared to male. The face length ranged from 9.5cm to 13.5cm in males and 8.5cm to 12.8cm in females. The face width ranged from 10cm to 16cm in males and 10cm to 14cm in females. Among Purana inhabitants, a minimum facial index of 68 and a maximum of 100 was observed in both genders. The maximum facial index was 99 in males and 100 in females. The mean facial index of male inhabitants was 92 ± 5.1 while female was 90 ± 6.2. The results indicate that the dominant type of facial shape in Purana male and female is leptoprosopic, being 67% in male and 61% in female. Least common type was hypereuriprosopic in male (2%) and female (6%).The difference in mean morphology (facial index), facial length and facial width between the two genders was significant (P<0.05). The facial morphology of male and female Purana inhabitants being leptoprosopic differs from the reported facial morphology of Indian male as mesoprosopic and female as mesoprosopic (Vaishalia et al 2011). This study confirms the ethnic diversity of facial dimensions among different groups and races of human population and gender based variation.
Interactivity in Goodsalls’ Rule and Fistula-in-ano
(International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 2020) Samaranayake, G.V.P.; Chandimal, K.M.
Fistula-in-ano is a tract lined by granulation tissue which opens deeply in the anal canal or rectum and superficially on the skin around the anus. Managing fistula-in-ano is a challenging task. Because recognizing the internal opening and cause of the fistula tract is difficult. goth external and internal openings of the fistula tract are essential for the complete identification of the tract. The purpose of the present study was to study the relevance between Goodsall's rule and course of the fistula tract. A sample of 106 patients with simple fistula was studied. In this study Hydrogen Peroxide was injected by using syringe through the external opening of the fistula and seenthe appearance of air bubbles which are come out from the internal opening. The site and number of internal and external openings and the course of the tract were recorded, The median age of the participants was 37 years. The majority were male 157.54%). Thirty one point one percent (31.1%) showed intersphincteric fistula, 51,8% showed transphincteric fistula and 16.9% had superficial fistula. The overall predictive accuracy of Goodsail's ruie in studied group was 68.30/o. It is significantly associated with the type of fistula. The high predictive accuracy in superficial fistula (94.4%), intersphincteric fistula (84.4%) and transphicteric fistula (69.09%) were observed. It was concluded that, Goodsalls'rule was not accurate in 31.7% of all fistulae; it can be used as a guide in locating the course of the tract and the internal opening.
Morphometric and morphological analysis of prehistoric skeletal remains excavated from Pothana, Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
(Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, 2011) Chandimal, K.M.; Yasawardene, S.G.; Adikari, G.
Pothana-Sigiriya, a prehistoric Mesolithic heritage site in Sri Lanka has yielded three human skeletons dating back to 4500-5000 BC according to radiocarbon (C14) dating. The detailed morphometric and morphological analysis was performed on human skeletons excavated from Pothana, Sigiriya and presently displayed at National Museum Sri Lanka, Sigiriya Museum and at Osteology laboratory, Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology (PGIAR), University of Kelaniya. The skeleton at National Museum with less prominent superciliary arches, the medium sized mastoid process, less prominent muscle attachment sites over the cranium and wide sciatic notch of the pelvic bone was comparable with that of females. The estimated age was around 25–35 years considering the complete eruption of all 3 molars and the wearing pattern. The skeleton presently at the Sigiriya museum with prominent morphological features of highly robust, heavy, prominent muscle attachment sites, the large mastoid process, highly marked superciliary arches, prominent external occipital protuberance and narrow sciatic notch of the pelvic bone was comparable with that of males. Since all three molars were fully erupted and showed no signs of wearing on their occlusal surfaces, the estimated age was around 25–30 years. The cranium displayed at PGIAR is probably female according to observed small size of the mastoid processes. The age and stature estimation was not possible as the available teeth were mineralized and limb bones were not available. Using the measured lengths of restored long bones and applying regression formulae of Trotter & Gleser (1952) and Krogman (1962), the reconstructed height of the extinct female and male is 170 cm and 173.61 cm respectively. This estimated height is more than the mean height of the present day population (164.6 cm and 151.3 cm for males and females reported in Priyanga et al. 2010). The current study confirms reports by Kennedy (1965) that with the male being 164.70 cm and the female 164 cm, Balangoda man was taller than the mean height of the modern Sri Lankan population. This contrasts with the reconstructed mean height of males 140.05 cm of Bellan bandi pallassa skeletal remains as reported by Kanthilatha 2008.
Preliminary study on total sugar concentrations and energy values of selected herbal pharmaceuticals
(Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, 2005) Weerasooriya, W.M.B.; Liyanage, J.A.; Chandimal, K.M.
Study of Gross Anatomy of Ten Nila Sthana in the Head and Neck Region
(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Madumani, H.H.G.; Chandimal, K.M.; Wijesinghe, W.A.M.S.; Balasooriya, M.G.D.N.
Nila treatment is an important treatment modality which is used in the field of Indigenous medicine since Anuradhapura era. At present, this has been used by few of traditional practitioners in Sri Lanka. Although the large number ofnila points of the body have been recorded, the reported evidence of gross anatomical structures related to these nila points are very poor. Therefore, the research was designed to identify the gross anatomical structures of the nila point. In this study nine nila points at the head and neck region, recorded in standard Ayurveda texts were identified in the cadaver. They were dissected and structures at eachnila point were identified and compared with the standard Anatomy text. They are ''thelwala'' (eight anguliup to the top of nose), the roots of two ears, ''his muduna''(the top of the head), the point one anguliup to the ears, ''urameda'' (middle of the front of two shoulders), the point two anguli lateral to the two eyes,''kammulabubula'' (the top of two cheeks), the point of middle of the forehead, the point at lateral end of the eye brows. Then gross structures at nila points were identified and recorded. At the point of''thelwala'', the bregma of skull was observed. At the point of the root of ear, facial nerve in which it gives terminal branches were observed, at the point of ''his muduna'' branches of superficial temporal artery and vein were observed, at the point of one anguli up to the ear, superficial temporal artery and vein were observed, at the point of'''urameda'' middle space at the point, two sternocleidomastoid muscles and the manubrium was observed, at the point of two anguli lateral to the eyes, zygomatico orbital artery was observed, at the point of ''kammulabubula'' edge of zygomaticus muscle was observed, at the point of middle of the forehead procerus was observed ,at the point of lateral end of the eyebrow temporal branches of facial nerve was observed. These findings revealed that some of the important gross anatomical structures present at the nilapoints in the head and neck region
The Study of nutritional state of school children in Dabana Prathamika Vidyalaya at Mahiyanganaya, Sri Lanka
(Research Symposium 2010 - Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2010) Chandimal, K.M.; Wijesuriya, D.
Quetelet's index (W/H2) BMI an anthropometric index is an estimate of body composition that correlates an individual's weight and height to lean body mass. The WHO has recommended the international use of reference values of heights and weights of the children (BMI) compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the USA,and has made cut off point for measurements of nutritional impact on children. This study was carried out to calculate the Quetelet's index of children who belong to Vedda population attending Dabana Prathamika Vidyalaya at Mahiyanganaya Sri Lanka and to assess the nutritional status of the children. All student (28) belongs to vedda pedigree Uruvarige,Thalawavarige, Unapanavarige, Moranavarige were included for this study and those who belongs to other pedigree were excluded. The individual selection was based on in verbal pedigree analysis and pedigree was traced back to at least three generation with the help of their parents. Height was measured using a stadiometer measuring up to 2m with the accuracy of 0.1cm.and weight was measured on a portable balance weighing up to 100 Kg with an accuracy of 1kg.The BMI of each subject was estimated. The waterlow classification was used for assessment of nutritional status of each age group male and female. The studied result of mean BMI of children revealed that the age group of 6 to 9 year both male and female groups were undernourished with reference to waterlow (cut off point 13.5) and 10 year male group was undernourished (cut off point 15).The study revealed that the children who belong to Vedda population attending Dabana Prathamika Vidyalaya at Mahiyanganaya were undernourished. The percentage of male children with BMI values less than13.5 is 20% in 1971/73 and 63% in 1993/94 which is lesser than the 66% within this range of BMI in 2010. Male children with BMI values between(13.5 – 14.9) are 60% in1971/73 and 27% in 1993/94 reported in Wikramanayake et al 1994 which is lesser than the 33% within this range of BMI in 2010.The percentage of female children with BMI values less than13.5 is 50% in 1971/73 and 69% in 1993/94 which is significantly lesser than the 84% within this range of BMI in 2010. Female children with BMI values between (13.5 – 14.9) are 50% in1971/73 and 20% in 1993/94 reported in Wikramanayake et al 1994 which is lesser than the 16% within this range of BMI in 2010.
A Survey on the attitudes of the Ayurveda medical students toward cadaver dissection
(Annual academic sessions 2019 –Anatomical Society of Sri Lanka, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya ,Sri Lanka, 2019) Abegunasekara, N.S.; Chandimal, K.M.
Cadaveric dissection is a fundamental tool in teaching anatomy Although this facilitates students to understand the theories and the concepts of the discipline, presently cadavefic dissections seems to be reduced due to negative attitudes such as exposure to hazardous chemicals: and time consumption among other things. In this study. the attitudes of Ayurveda medical students 10M ards the cadaveric dissection were analyzed during their BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurveda Medicine and Surge1Y) course. This a cross- sectional study. Data were collected from students of Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya who have completed Anatomy course in Preclinical phase. A self-administered questionnaire in five point Likert scale was given to 110 students. This study revealed that 67% of the respondents found their first visit to the dissection hall exciting and 90% were shocked to see the cadaver for the first time. Between 60% and 94% of students held positive attitudes towards the dissection. Ninety-four per cent of the students were detenninecl. interested, and ready to study anatomy with cadaveric dissection. Eighty-five per cent students reported that the undergraduate curriculum should include the dissection method for teaching modality of Anatomy. Hundred per cent of students have showed a sense of gratitude to the people and/or the relatives who had donated their bodies. Although dissections have gixen an unpleasant experience for mgiority of BAMS graduates at the beginning they conclude that cadaveric dissections ave an essential part of teaching Anatomy in 13AMS degree program.