Browsing by Author "Ratnayake, I."

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Early identification of acute kidney injury in Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) envenoming using renal biomarkers
(Public Library of Science, 2019) Ratnayake, I.; Mohamed, F.; Buckley, N.A.; Gawarammana, I.B.; Dissanayake, D.M.; Chathuranga, U.; Munasinghe, M.; Maduwage, K.; Jayamanne, S.; Endre, Z.H.; Isbister, G.K.
BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication of snake envenoming, but early diagnosis remains problematic. We aimed to investigate the time course of novel renal biomarkers in AKI following Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) bites. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We recruited a cohort of patients with definite Russell's viper envenoming and collected serial blood and urine samples on admission (<4h post-bite), 4-8h, 8-16h, 16-24h, 1 month and 3 months post-bite. AKI stage (1-3) was defined using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. AKI stages (1-3) were defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. There were 65 Russell's viper envenomings and 49 developed AKI: 24 AKIN stage 1, 13 stage 2 and 12 stage 3. There was a significant correlation between venom concentrations and AKI stage (p = 0.007), and between AKI stage and six peak biomarker concentrations. Although most biomarker concentrations were elevated within 8h, no biomarker performed well in diagnosing AKI <4h post-bite. Three biomarkers were superior to serum creatinine (sCr) in predicting AKI (stage 2/3) 4-8h post-bite: serum cystatin C (sCysC) with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC-ROC), 0.78 (95%CI:0.64-0.93), urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), 0.74 (95%CI:0.59-0.87) and urine clusterin (uClu), 0.81 (95%CI:0.69-0.93). No biomarker was better than sCr after 8h. Six other urine biomarkers urine albumin, urine beta2-microglobulin, urine kidney injury molecule-1, urine cystatin C, urine trefoil factor-3 and urine osteopontin either had minimal elevation, and/or minimal prediction for AKI stage 2/3 (AUC-ROC<0.7). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: AKI was common and sometimes severe following Russell's viper bites. Three biomarkers uClu, uNGAL and sCysC, appeared to become abnormal in AKI earlier than sCr, and may be useful in early identification of envenoming.
Kidney damage biomarkers detect acute kidney injury but only functional markers predict mortality after paraquat ingestion
(Amsterdam, Elsevier/North Holland, 2015) Mohamed, F.; Buckley, N.A.; Jayamanne, S.; Pickering, J.W.; Peake, P.; Palangasinghe, C.; Wijerathna, T.; Ratnayake, I.; Shihana, F.; Endre, Z.H.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common following paraquat ingestion. The diagnostic performance of injury biomarkers was investigated in serial blood and urine samples from patients from 5 Sri Lankan hospitals. Functional AKI was diagnosed using serum creatinine (sCr) or serum cystatin C (sCysC). The 95th centile in healthy subjects defined the urinary biomarker cutoffs for diagnosing structural AKI. 50 poisoned patients provided 2 or more specimens, 76% developed functional AKI [AKIN stage 1 (n=12), 2 (n=7) or 3 (n=19)]; 19/26 patients with AKIN stage 2/3 also had functional AKI by sCysC criteria (≥50% increase). Urinary cystatin C (uCysC), clusterin (uClu) and NGAL (uNGAL) increased within 24h of ingestion compared with NoAKI patients and healthy controls. Each biomarker demonstrated moderate diagnostic utility [AUC-ROC: uCysC 0.79, uNGAL 0.79, uClu 0.68] for diagnosis of functional AKI at 16h. Death occurred only in subjects with functional AKI. Structural biomarker-based definitions detected more AKI than did sCr or sCysC, but did not independently predict death. Renal injury biomarkers did not add clinical value to patients who died rapidly due to multi-organ failure. Use of injury biomarkers within 16-24h may guide early intervention for reno-protection in less severe paraquat poisoning.
A Study on the Difficulties encountered by the translators when translating cultural words with special reference to the short novel Vap Magula by Somarathna Balasuriya
(Proceedings of the Undergraduate Research Symposium (HUG 2019), Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya. Sri Lanka, 2019) Ratnayake, I.
Translation which is the process of transferring an idea of one language to another language, can be considered as one of the most effective ways to communicate between two cultures. This study was specially focused on difficulties encountered by translators when translating cultural words from Sinhala to English in the field of literary translation by using the short novel “Vap Magula” by Somarathna Balasuriya and the English translation of the book by Dorathi Lokubalasuriya. The reason why this novel is chosen to continue this study is, it includes a considerable amount of cultural words and also cultural events which inherent to Sri Lanka. Accordingly, it was noted that the translators are using different types of solutions based on the problems they faced. The main purposes of this study were to identify the problems in translating cultural words, to find the solutions adopted by the translator and to observe the accuracy and propriety of those solutions. Scholarly studies by Jean-Paul Vinay, Jean Darbelnet and, the aforesaid novel and the translation have been used as sources. Findings concluded that most of the cultural words have been translated by using the technique of borrowing. The main reasons why this technique is being frequently used for the translation of literary works, is the lack of equivalent terms in the target language and also to preserve the local color of the word, or to be used out of fear that some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word would be lost, if it is translated. Apart from that, equivalence and modulation have been also used to some extent. This study will assist in a time where one could see mistranslations in the field of literary translation and for translators who could see literary translation as a hard task due to the usage of cultural words.
Translation strategies of humor in subtitling with special reference to the English movie Johnny English Strikes Again
(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2022) Ratnayake, I.
Audiovisual translation, particularly subtitling, draws the attention of a number of scholars. However, the translation of humor in subtitles is a challenging task as humor includes a broad collection of cultural and linguistic expressions. The present study is an attempt to investigate the translation strategies of subtitling humor into Sinhalese, determine to what extent the translation strategies have been utilized, and to compare the different strategies utilized by the different subtitlers in order to convert the humor into Sinhalese. The study focused primarily on the Zabalbeascoa's categorization of humor to identify the subtitles which carry humor. The movie Johnny English Strikes Again form the corpus of the study. The study was carried out based on Gottlieb’s categorization of subtitling strategies to determine the translation strategies employed by subtitlers. Two Sinhalese subtitles scripts provided by two different subtitlers have been used to find out the translation strategies. This research examines the strategies adopted by the subtitlers by comparing the segments of the Source Text and the equivalent of the Target Text. The results of the study show that the most common translation strategies adopted by translators in subtitling humor from English into Sinhalese are “transfer”, followed by “paraphrase”. Such use of subtitling strategies suggests that the translation is assisted by the simplicity of the Source Language and the non-verbal cues of the actions.