ICSS 2016
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Item Progress in Controlling Efforts of Inland Water Pollution in Sri Lanka: The Case of Lower Kelani River Basin in Sri Lanka(Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Amarasinghe, A.G.Water pollution can be defined as the process or phenomenon of contamination of natural water bodies by chemical, physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances. Polluted water contains harmful chemicals or substance which are not suitable for human consumption such as drinking, washing purposes or bathing and agricultural activities. Paying due attention to this trend, the government of Sri Lanka has introduced several policies and programs to control the process of water pollution. All these policies and programs have been implemented in the Lower Kelani River Basin. Lower Kelani River basin is the geographical area where the highest population and industrial density can be seen. And also, it is revealed that the water pollution level is high in this river basin. The objective of this paper is to discuss the characteristics and trends of the water pollution process and to identify the initiatives that have been taken to control the water pollution. Field survey and reviewing literature were the main data collecting method. Filling a set questionnaire, interviews and observation were the method applied to collect primary data from the field. Basic statistics, diagrams and maps were used to analyze data and present the result.Item Issues and Solutions for Municipal Waste Management in Sri Lanka(Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Kularatnte, M.G.; Amarasinghe, A.G.; Premarathna, W.M.A.G.H.; Premarathna, W.M.A.G.H.; Dharmasiri, L.M.; Chandrasena, U.A.; Sakalasooriya, N.; Waniganeththi, G.; Fernando, V.; Rathnasekara, S.; Wijesekara, S.; Senarathna, D.; Arunashantha, S.The waste disposed into the open environment from day today human activities, gradually has increased and created significant socio- economic, health and environmental issues. Ultimately it has become a burning political problem at present. Inefficiency in waste management strategies further aggravate the issues preventing national objective of the clear environment. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the factors that influence technical efficiency of waste management and ways and means to maximize that efficiency under Pilisaru Project funded by Central Environmental Authority in Sri Lanka, The data has collected from the sample size which is represented 22% of currently active compost plants by the stratified random sampling considering all forms of administrative local authorities (LAs). Though several Pilisaru projects have achieved a satisfactory level of expected results. The majority are inefficient due to some reasons. The projects mainly target to produce only organic compost and some biomass power generation but no other alternatives concerned. Segregation of waste for compost production is a prerequisite, however, waste segregation is an unsolvable issue due to the various reasons. Another issue is whether condition which is beyond the control of human effort of the natural process of composting. LA s mainly collects only solid waste and they do not collect liquid waste from the sources of waste generation. Basically, compost production in the Pilisaru compost plants is labour intensive. Therefore, it requires more man power for handling the compost production. Lack of land for the expansion of the compost plants and the ongoing process of composting is time consuming are other barriers. Finally, ongoing compost production system is not the eco-friendly. Compost users do not satisfy and trust with the quality of compost produced by the municipal solid waste and no proper market mechanism and distribution. Labourers and other employers are not satisfied with the benefits they get including salary. The efficient waste management system must ensure to produce all possible product other than organic compost. For this new technology should be introduced. Compost should be promoted among the small scale/ subsistence farmers at first and then in large scale agricultural areas with the proper certification procedure. Municipal waste is hidden treasure on the development of righteous agriculture in Sri Lanka with the application of proper scientific and technical method of waste treatment. Therefore, we recommend establishing "Waste Recycling Centres" with the environmentally recycling system (ERS) such a High Speed Indigenous Microbes Fermentation System (ERS).