IPRC - 2019
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/20881
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Item Speciation Distribution of Analyzed Drinking Water in a CKDu Endemic Area in the Anuradhapura District(International Postgraduate Research Conference 2019, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Weerasinghe, A.A.V.N.; Perera, W.P.R.T.; Liyanage, J.A.Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) has been showing a spreading tendency among the agricultural zones in the North Central Province since the mid-1990s. Even though most of the studies have identified that the nephrotoxic heavy metal content in surface and ground water has not exceeded the permissible limits in the CKDu prone areas, long term exposure could influence on renal failures. The present study was attempted to study the chemical speciation of the contaminants in drinking water of CKDu endemic area in the Anuradhapura District. The areas selected for the study were Eppawala Grama-Niladhari division (GND) (8°8′33″N 80°24′10″E) in Anuradhapura District (Endemic site) and Dambethalawa GND (7°17'11.9"N 81°32'04.3"E) in Ampara District (Reference site). Nineteen drinking water samples from each sampling area were randomly collected. Basic physico-chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and Fluoride content were measured on-site. Concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb) of the water samples were analyzed by ICP-MS (Agilent 7800) and counter-ion content (F-, Cl-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) was analyzed by Ion chromatography (Methorm eco IC). Chemical speciation modeling was performed by using the Visual MINTEQ 3.1 software based on the obtained concentrations. According to the results, the average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Pb were complied with SLS values for drinking water while Mn and Fe concentrations from both areas have exceeded the SLS values which are 100.00 and 300.00 μg/L respectively. The Mn concentration of Eppawala and Ampara were 173.99 (10.39-485.59) μg/L and 129.27 (1.089-239.86) μg/L respectively and for Fe it was recorded as 383.14 (0.18-867.44) μg/L and 526.21 (0.85-897.25) μg/l. Since the samples were collected randomly, the presence of Mn and Fe as heavy contaminants in some sites might be the reason for having a wide concentration range. The mean F- concentration of the Eppawala area was 1.80 (0.10-3.96) mg/L which exceeded the SLS maximum level (1.00 mg/L) while it was 0.45 (0.11-1.00) mg/L in Ampara which was below the SLS maximum limit. According to the speciation results, only species of Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Fe, namely Cr(OH)3, CrOH2+, Pb2+, PbOH+, PbCl+, PbSO4, Cd2+, CdCl+, CdSO4, Cu2+, CuOH+, Fe(OH)2+, showed higher variations of percentage distributions under the tested pH range of 4 to 9. Higher percentage distribution values of CdCl+, CdSO4, PbCl+, PbSO4, ZnSO4, MnSO4, CuSO4 were observed from the Eppawala area compared to Ampara area. Manganese, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, Lead, Fluoride, Nitrate and Chloride species showed more tendency to exist as free ionic species such as Mn2+, Cd2+ , Zn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, F-, NO3-, Cl- at pH 7 while Chromium, Iron and Arsenic were found as Cr(OH)3, Fe(OH)2+ and H3AsO3 at pH 7. Long-term exposure to different species formed by Cd, Pb, Cr, As and higher F- concentrations may have some significant effects in causing CKDu.Item The Role of Fluoride, Cadmium and Water Hardness in Drinking Water: A Critical Study of Potential Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in the Prevalence Area, Sri Lanka(International Postgraduate Research Conference 2019, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Botheju, W.S.M.; Liyanage, J.A.Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a major public health problem in North Central Region in Sri Lanka, and it is receiving global attention due to the absence of clear evidence to determine the causative factors. Although indisputable epidemiological data are lacking, high concentrations of water hardness, fluoride, cadmium, and other heavy metals in drinking water could be major causes for the prevalence of CKDu. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to assess the role of fluoride (F), cadmium (Cd) and water hardness in drinking water sources as potential risk factors for CKDu in a prevailing area of Sri Lanka. Drinking water samples were randomly collected from 30 dug wells in Girandurukotte Grama Niladhari Division (GND), Badulla District and Buddhangala GND in Ampara District (as reference sampling site) in the dry season (June 2019), Sri Lanka. Cd and F contents of the collected drinking water samples were analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Fluoride meter respectively according to the standard procedures. Total water hardness values were calculated based on calcium and magnesium contents which were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Each analysis was performed in triplicates. Results were statistically analyzed using MINITAB 17 software. Inverse distance weight (IDW) and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s Index - MI) tools in ArcMap 10.2.2 software were used to interpolate the spatial distribution patterns of F, Cd and total hardness in collected water samples. According to the results, mean F, Cd, and total hardness values of analyzed water samples in Girandurukotte GND were 1.64±0.04 mg/L, 0.124±0.074 μg/L and 83.60±4.02 mg/L respectively. Mean F content of the analyzed water samples in the CKDu prevalence area exceeded the maximum permissible levels of SLS standards (SLS 614: 2013, F - 1.0 mg/L) whereas the total water hardness values indicated the ‘moderately hard water’ (60 to 120 mg/L). As per the results, mean Cd concentration in Girandurukotte GND consented with SLS standard limits (Cd - 3.00 μg/L). Furthermore, mean F, Cd and total hardness values in reference sampling site were 0.504778±0.076 mg/L, 0.018±0.006 μg/L and 30.76±8.06 mg/L respectively and those results complied with SLS standard limits. Mean water hardness values in the reference sampling site indicated the ‘soft water’ (0 to 60 mg/L). According to the statistical analysis, F, Cd and total hardness values in Girandurukotte GND were significantly higher compared to the reference site (P<0.05). Moran’s indices of F, Cd and total hardness in Girandurukotte GND were -0.013, -0.006, and -0.011 respectively as per the Moran’s Index Tool. Based on the results, it can be concluded that high concentrations of fluoride, water hardness and long term exposure to heavy metals such as cadmium can lead to the occurrence of CKDu prevalence. Therefore, utilization of treated water can be recommended as a preventive measure of CKDu in the study area and these findings can be used as a benchmark in the water supply design processes in CKDu affected areas.