ARS - 2011
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/169
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Item The representation of Sri Lankan indigenous (Vedda) people on television news: A study in intercultural communication perspective(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Senarath, S.M.The Veddas (also known as Wanniyala Atto) are the only remaining indigenous people in Sri Lanka in the 21st century. Currently, Sri Lanka is in the post war period where the government is working towards rapid national development that helps to harmonize all ethnic groups under one Sri Lankan flag. In this regard this study examined how television channels (Sinhala) are representing Veddas (Wanniyala Atto) in an intercultural perspective. This study observed media viewing habits of the Vedda ethnic group, with special reference to the Veddas (Wanniyala Atto) who are living at Dambana, Uve Province in Sri Lanka. In-depth, personal interviews were conducted with participants as their oral language lacks a literary tradition. Accordingly, the study focused on participants who watch television and have a good understanding of the Sinhala language. After conducting these interviews, it was discovered that Sinhala television news programs do not sufficiently report information about issues the Veddas face. Instead, preference is given to political personalities who visit Dambana, Vedda people that visit Sinhala political and religious personalities. Further, television news programs depict them as being a developed ethnic group that should change and adapt to a contemporary world. Furthermore, these programs encourage the notion that the Veddas are a „second people‟ within Sri Lankan society, and thus are not so important in comparison to the Sinhalese. As such it can be stated with significant conviction that the Sri Lankan media does not understand or appreciate the cultural, political, linguistic and other special interests and problems of the Veddas.Item Attitudes towards induced termination of pregnancy among Buddhist and Christian clergy compared to the lay population in the western province of Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2011) de Silva, D.C.; Jayawardene, P.L.Termination of pregnancies (TOP) is common in Sri Lanka despite it being illegal except when the mother‟s life is in danger. Most TOPs occur within marriage and for social reasons. Attempts to change the law to permit TOP following rape, incest and fetal anomalies have been rejected. Previous data from the Gampaha and Colombo districts among doctors and nurses has identified that religious belief was the most important determinant for disagreeing with TOP. Methodology of the study included a questionnaire survey. A pre-tested self administered questionnaire with 15 common reasons for abortion was completed by Buddhist and Christian clergy, teachers and executives in all three districts of the Western Province, Sri Lanka. There were 874 respondents consisting of Buddhist monks (216 – 24%), Christian [mainly Catholic] clergy (131-15%), teachers (303- 35%) and executives (230-26%). The respondents consisted of Buddhists 616 (70%) and Christians 221 [Catholics 181 (21%), other Christian denominations 40 (5%)] while Hindus and Muslims made up 30 (3%) of the respondents. Acceptance of TOP for social reasons was low [interruption to the mother‟s career (7%) or education (9%), pregnancy after completing family (12%) or insufficient spacing of children (18%)]. Family planning failure and financial problems were acceptable for 20% and 21% respectively. The majority considered TOP acceptable for mental retardation in the baby (56%), pregnancy following incest (57%), or rape (63%), maternal mental (62%) or physical health (75%) and for fetal anomalies incompatible with life (70%). Both groups of clergy were more willing to accept TOP for fetal or maternal reasons but the acceptance rates were significantly lower compared with their respective lay groups. The Christian clergy were more opposed to TOP for social reasons compared to the Buddhist clergy. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that Buddhists and lay people were more willing to consider TOP for social reasons, while lay people were more likely to accept this for maternal health reasons and fetal abnormalities. There is a gradient of attitudes towards TOP with a degree of consensus emerging in favour of termination for maternal health reasons, severe fetal anomalies and for pregnancies resulting from rape and incest. This group of respondents was against abortion for social reasons.Item Facial expression for stage reality: A study based on novices(12th Annual Research Symposium, University of Kelaniya, 2011) Rathitharan, K.This paper mainly focuses on the facial expression dealing with emotion in acting. Facial expression and gesture are two of the most important aspects of theatre acting. These two, combined together express physical and psychological qualities of a character. The face being the centre of expression, it should be closely scrutinized. In character simulation, the face plays an important role to communicate clearly and effectively with the audience. In the subject of exaggerated nature for stage, it should be considered how actors use their face during performance. According to the observation in Jaffna theatre, the facial expression of novices during performance and practice is insufficient and inappropriate. The chief object of this research is to examine how to increase the quality and quantity of the facial expression for novices. The appropriate models of analytical finding of facial expression for practice and performance are gathered and systematized from society, traditional theatre and rasa theory of Natyasastra, and introduced to novices (target group) in the recorded form. The other important thing in this research is that the acting skill would be improved by revealing culture-based facial expression. The present analysis contains three components: facial expression in contemporary stage performances in Jaffna; real life, traditional theatre and theory; and finally the particular signs of facial expression for novices in a cultural context. Qualitative data analysis is employed to this research by using the method of observation and PAR (Practice as Research) to gather data. This research is expected to contribute a strong expressive culture for Tamil theatre.Item තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය, සමානාත්මතාව හා වාණිජ මෘදුකාංග නිදහස් හා විවෘත මූල මෘදුකාංග පිළිබඳ සමාජ විද්යාත්මක අධ්යයනයක්(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Galagamage, P.Item Survey of information seeking behavior of new entrants to the university(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Jayatissa, L.A.University education is expected to be more learner-centric with higher emphasis on gathering knowledge through learning rather than teaching. As such, the library is expected to play a large role in the educational process of the university. However, the post-secondary school education is mostly directed towards achieving higher results at the GCE (A/L) examination to secure placement in public universities. This situation makes students more teacher-dependent in their studies. In view of this, in order to provide a user-focussed library information service to incoming students, it is very important to identify the nature and extent of their library use and to have a general profile of them. A structured questionnaire was administered to all newcomers at the time of their registration at the university, and almost 100% responded. A proportionate sample of 1,000 responses according to the distribution among broader disciplines of arts, commerce and science was analyzed using SPSS statistical software package and other statistical means. Questions were basically framed to investigate the aspects: how they got direction to library use; the organization of the library; whether there was a library orientation programme; use of basic reference sources; students‟ access methods used to obtain requisite information; their language and ICT use, etc. The survey is expected to identify the profile of an average student and also to identify variations between different broader disciplines. As the library possesses the data sets for a number of years, it is also envisaged to identify whether there are any observable trends. The findings of the survey will be primarily used to formulate the library acquisitions policy and to plan library information services and user education and information literacy development programmes. Further, such findings will be made available to university authorities as and when required.Item Psychometric properties of the cognitive and motor scales of the Bayley Scales of infant development among Sri Lankan children(12th Annual Research Symposium, University of Kelaniya, 2011) Godamunne, P.K.S.; Liyanage, P.L.C.K.; Wimaladharmasooriya, N.; Pathmeswaran, A.; Wickramesinghe, A.R.; Patterson, C.; Sathiakumar, N.The objective of the study was to compare the cognitive and motor developmental patterns of Sri Lankan (SL) children aged 6, 12 and 24 months with children from the United States (US) using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development – 3rd Edition (Bayley III) (Bayley2006). This study used a cross sectional design and included 150 apparently normal, full-term infants aged 6, 12 and 24 months (± 2 weeks) from the Gampaha District of Sri Lanka. The Cognitive, Fine Motor and Gross Motor Subtests of the Bayley III Scales of infant development were administered to 50 children from each of the selected age groups individually. Group means and standard deviations were calculated for the Bayley Cognitive, Fine Motor and Gross Motor Scales as well as the scaled scores at each assessment age. The test-retest reliability of the instrument was examined using the intra class correlation (ICC) coefficient. There were no significant differences between the cognitive and motor scores of Sri Lankan children compared to the US norms at six months of age. At 12 months, Sri Lankan children had significantly higher cognitive scores and significantly lower gross motor scores than the US norms. The cognitive scores of Sri Lankan children were significantly lower than the US norms at 24 months. The gender of the child and having an older sibling did not significantly impact on children‟s scores. The test was shown to have a high test-retest reliability among Sri Lankan children. There were some differences in the performance of Sri Lankan children on the cognitive and the Motor Scales of the Bayley III Scale as compared to US children. However, the differences were minor and we recommend the use of these subscales to assess neurodevelopment in Sri Lankan children up to two years. We recommend that the Bayley III Scale be validated for other age groups of Sri Lankan children as well.Item Reconciling the voices of the Ravanayana: Experiences of war and sustainable reconciliation in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Schubert, A.This paper explores the articulation of experiences of war and the role it plays in building a sustainable reconciliation process in post-war Sri Lanka. In seeking to come to terms with the legacy of this violence, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive process through which the experiences and memories of war can be articulated in order to sustain attempts to transform Sri Lanka‟s history of fractured ethnic relations and reduce the potential for further conflict in the future (Hayner, 2001). This study seeks to encourage the development of such a process by examining the complex relationship between memory and the ascribing of legitimacy to these experiences of war. This inter-disciplinary (drawing on memory studies, political science and cultural studies), insider research uses a theoretical framework of voices and silences to examine and explore the relationship and functioning of personal experiences of the war in Sri Lanka. The data for this study was collected just prior to the end of the war through five oral history interviews collected between March and April 2009. The findings show that the war has established a complex hierarchy of experience, and that it is through this hierarchy that personal experiences of the war are narrated and legitimized. However, due to this, many survivors chose to silence their experience as they believed that their experiences were not valid or legitimate. Therefore, I argue that prior to establishing a process for articulating experiences of war, there is a need for the establishment and acceptance of a new matrix of legitimacy that can empower survivors to broaden their varying perspectives of experience.Item Stability and fatty soil cleaning efficiency of rice bran lipase, incorporated with commercial soaps(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Weerasooriya, M.K.B.; Kumarasinghe, A.A.N.; Edirisinghe, E.M.S.N.Alkaline lipase which can digest triacyl glycerol into free fatty acid and glycerol, was isolated from rice bran. Enzyme was extracted into pH 8 phosphate buffer fractionated with ammonium sulphate. Compatibility of the enzyme with different commercial soap was tested by incubating the enzyme with different concentrations of soap solutions prepared by Sunlight, Lifebuoy and Wonderlight soaps. At the beginning, enzyme activity increases with increasing concentrations of all 3 soap solutions and reaches a maximum at a certain concentration level and beyond that level enzyme activity declines slowly. The maximum lipase activity was observed with 1%, 3% and 2.5% concentration levels of soap solutions of Sunlight, Lifebuoy and Wonderlight respectively. The stability of the enzyme at these optimum concentration levels (soap concentrations which showed maximum enzyme activity) was evaluated by incubating the enzyme with soaps at these optimum concentration levels over a period of 14 days. Initial enzyme activity and the residual enzyme activity at different time intervals were measured. Washing performance tests were also carried out at different time intervals to evaluate the fatty soil cleaning efficiency. The results showed that enzyme remains stable and the maximum fatty soil cleaning efficiency of the enzyme is maintained even on the 14th day. All these findings suggest that the activity of rice bran lipase can be enhanced by incorporating up to 1%, 3% and 2.5% soap concentrations of Sunlight, Lifebuoy and Wonderlight respectively, and the fatty soil cleaning efficiency of the enzyme at these soap concentrations remains for a maximum of 2 weeks .Item User satisfaction of library service quality amongst students and staff of the Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Samarakoon, M.The academic library has been described as the “heart” of the learning community as it provides a place for the students and university staff to do their research and advance their knowledge. The librarians and library staff provide numerous services to these users, addressing their diverse needs and interests. By providing quality services and satisfaction to users, academic and research librarians can discharge their services in a friendly and helpful manner and give knowledgeable advice for their future objectives. As academic library users have varying needs and expectations which they strive to meet, user satisfaction is an important measure of service quality in university libraries. The present study was conducted to explore user requirements and perception on the library with regard to the existing services of the library and allow user suggestions and comments in future directions. The study mainly aimed at evaluating user satisfaction on currently available resources, quality of service and assessing future information needs of the users of Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka. A questionnaire was distributed among a random sample of 120 users. The collected data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. User perception on library staff qualities such as respect and helpfulness was high. They showed satisfaction over the prompt service at issue desk and photocopy service. Majority of the users were satisfied with aspects with regard to library space, individual study spaces, seating facilities and sound level. The users have also given valuable suggestions for future development of the library. Most of the users commented that collections of books in the library were not adequate in respect to their specific field of study. They have commented on the inadequacy of library opening hours. To achieve the total quality in information service the library of the Buddhist and Pali University should be improved with an advanced library environment to fulfill the demands of the users and to support their needs in obtaining information.Item අභිචාර හා විද්යාව(12th Annual Research Symposium, University of Kelaniya, 2011) Ananda Thero, AmpareItem ශ්රී ලාංකේය ලෝහමය ගෘහෝපකරණ නිර්මාණයෙහි ඉතිහාසය(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Piyarathana Thero, DewagodaItem ග්රාමීය සිංහල වෙළඳසැල් හිමියන්ගේ අදායම කෙරෙහි කුඩා සමූපකාර සුපිරි වෙළඳසැල් (Mini Co-op City) වල බලපෑම(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Chathuranga, C.D.Item මිනිස් ක්රියාකාරකම් තුළින් ශ්රී ලංකාවේ නායයෑම් වලට සිදුවන බලපෑම් පිළිබඳ අධ්යයනයක් (පේරාදෙණිය නගරය ඇසුරින්)(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Werake, W.M.M.S.Item Chinese resurgence in world politics and its implications on South Asian region with special reference to Sino-Sri Lanka relations since the year 2000(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Samarakoon, A.K.This paper explores China‟s external policy toward South Asia and its implications on the regional affairs using Sino-Sri Lanka relations as a case study. During the last two decades there has been a power transition in world politics with the rise of China. The economic success of China is being converted into political and military powers projecting it as a prospective great power in the Asian region and the international scene. China‟s rise certainly has global and regional implications for power politics and this study problematizes how Chinese resurgence affects the regional politics in South Asia which also includes the dominant presence of India. The dilemma that the small states in South Asia have faced in shifting their allegiances drives us to apply the theories of practical political cooperation in exchange for material gains. With the construction of marine power bases and expansion of trade and economic assistance, China has attracted several states in India‟s neighborhood like Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The major theoretical problem of the study then becomes why states value more of the material gains from rising extra-regional powers than the existing regional balance of power in their own region. The study mainly touches the pragmatic issue of Chinese influence on South Asian states and its implications on regional politics. The study proposes an analytical and interpretative method in order to investigate the growing presence of China in South Asia and its impact on regional politics. The case of Sino-Sri Lanka relations provides an empirical basis for the study and will be looked at from a historical and analytical point of view.Item Developing a framework to adapt FOSS for IT companies in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Nayanajith, B.; Thelijjagoda, S.With the introduction of intellectual property rights and copyright laws, most of the software consumers have been facing major issues with increased cost; due to purchase of expensive proprietary software. As an alternative, free and open source software (FOSS) has become increasingly popular around the world, particularly in the government sector. However, in Sri Lanka, most of the computer users are still reluctant to use the Open Source Operating Systems and Software, mainly due to lack of awareness and knowledge in this area. Low software costs, growing local software development industry and bridging the digital divide are the reason for FOSS to be seen as a viable option. As a matter of fact, IT companies have the option to reduce the IT Operational cost by 50%, by switching to FOSS. However, most of the IT sector employees and organizations are reluctant to switch to FOSS due to many disasters faced by some companies during the phase of transition. It is noted that various challenges and obstacles hamper the full FOSS implementation within the IT companies. The contribution of this research paper is on FOSS expansion framework, which is proposed as a possible solution to migrate existing Software environment to FOSS successfully. There are five specific objectives covered in this research: identify the most widely used operating systems and software in Sri Lankan IT sector, the reasons behind their wide applications, employee readiness for FOSS, create framework for migration to FOSS and test the framework. In order to create this framework we have extensively re-sorted primary and secondary data collection methods, including findings of prior literature reviews, by building up questionnaires and surveys focused on general IT sector as the target audience. The findings from the participants will be helpful in identifying the gaps between the resource base provided by the IT sector and the employees in respective IT companies. By doing so, it would generate a transparent environment with an approach of rectifying possible deadlocks in FOSS migration.Item Extraction and analysis of ancient DNA from human skeletal remains from Sri Lanka(12th Annual Research Symposium, University of Kelaniya, 2011) Chandimal, K.M.; Illeperuma, R.J.; Yasawardene, S.G.Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) gives archaeologists and anthropologists alternative and innovative ways to interpret and understand the past. The postmortem instability of nucleic acids, presence of inhibitory factors for analysis and the contamination with modern DNA prevent authentic and high recovery of undamaged DNA from archeological specimens. Ancient DNA is heavily modified over time, mainly due to spontaneous hydrolysis and oxidation and consequently, most such specimens do not contain any Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifiable endogenous DNA while those that do amplify, generate only fragments in 100 – 500 base pairs in size. Nonetheless, the preservation rate of DNA in human remains is very low under tropical conditions in Sri Lanka due to environmental conditions of high temperature and high humidity. The present study attempts to optimize a method of extracting and PCR amplification of DNA from older human skeletal remains. Samples were obtained under strict measures to prevent contamination with modern DNA. A 15year old (15YH) human humerus excavated from a burial site at Kuliyapitiya and a 40year old (40YT) human tibia from the bone collection of Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenapura, were analyzed. DNA was extracted by a modified Phenol / chloroform method from each specimen and was subjected to PCR using nested reactions in generating 4 overlapping fragments between the nucleotide positions 15978 and 16417 of the human mitochondrial genome. The success of PCR amplifications were verified upon agarose gel electrophoresis. At all the four reactions per each bone generated DNA fragments of desired length (378bp, 247bp, 233bp and 233bp). The products were purified and are being sequenced. The present study established methodologies for extracting and analyzing of aDNA which has been exposed to climatic and environment conditions that favor rapid DNA degradation. This optimized methodology is being applied for mtDNA analysis of prehistoric human skeletal remains from Bellan bandi palassa, Fahien lena, Sigiriya Pothana, Miniethiliya etc.Item Taxonomic study on Albizzia lebbek and its substitute plants used in Ayurvedic preparations in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Senanayake, S.P.; Jayasiri, A.P.A.Consumption of herbal medicines is widespread and increasingly used nowadays. The main supply of herbal materials for ayurvedic preparations is from the wild, which causes inherent problems; for instance, misidentification, phenotypic variability, extract variability and contamination. Albizzia lebbek (Sin- suriyamara, San- mahari, Hin- siris) is a South Asian medicinal plant, widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions. It is extensively used in Ayurvedic preparations in India whereas many substitute plants are used in Sri Lanka due to the restricted distribution. This has caused ambiguity in utilizing accurate plant material in Sri Lanka. The present study focused to explore the use of Albizzia lebbek and its substitutes in Ayurvedic preparations with reference to their morphometric similarity and geographical distribution. A survey carried out to determine the use of substitute plants through a sample survey questionnaire revealed that three plants in the subfamily Mimosoideae; Albizzia odoratissima (Sin- huriya mara), Adenanthera pavonina (Sin- madatiya) and Samanea saman (Sin- pare mara) were common and widespread, Albizzia odoratissima being predominantly used. The randomly selected sample population of one hundred included traditional Ayurvedic practitioners, Ayurvedic physicians, drug dealers/ suppliers, drug manufacturers and the general public. Further, Albizzia lebbek was recorded only in a few locations in Sri Lanka and use of this plant in Ayurvedic preparations is not reported. A comparative morphometric analysis of these plants was done based on seedling, leaf, bark, floral, pod and seed characters and multi-access key was constructed using DELTA (Description Language for Taxonomy) package which could serve as a pictorial guide for accurate identification.Item A study on public awareness of Open and Distance Learning (ODL)(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Abeysekera, N.Open and distance learning is different from traditional learning .It focuses on freeing learners from limitations of time and place while offering flexible learning opportunities. ODL is delivered using a variety of print and electronic systems either through learning, in which all parties participate at the same time, or through learning in which parties participate at different times. It is done through correspondence, audiovisual means (television and radio), multimedia (audio and text files), and the Internet. In the traditional education system, some constraints can be observed with regard to access and equity. But in ODL, the learner has the opportunity to learn regardless of age, educational level or geographical barriers. Therefore, it is worthwhile to understand the awareness level of the public regarding ODL in Sri Lanka. Hence, the following research problem is being discussed. “Is the general public aware of open and distance learning in Sri Lanka?” The interview method was adopted among a sample of 50, representing the age group of 18-60, and people who are working as well as not working in the areas of Colombo, Galle and Anuradhapura. Interestingly, findings reveal that most of the respondents are of the view that it is expensive, and they have to learn only from postal correspondence. Even though it has mentioned “open and distance” people are of the view that they have to come to Colombo for their studies. Hence, the awareness of the public on the ODL method can be considered as low. The public has not been properly informed of what ODL means. It is the responsibility of higher education authorities to promote ODL in order to enhance equity and access to education for all. It can be recommended that an integrated marketing communication plan be launched to make the public aware of this.Item Integer roots of two polynomial equations and a simple proof of Fermat‟s last theorem(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Piyadasa, R.A.D.; Perera, B.B.U.P.Fermat‟s last theorem (FLT),possibly written in 1637,despite its rather simple statement, is very difficult to prove for general exponent n [1]. In fact, formal complete proof of FLT remained illusive until 1995 when Andrew Wiles and Taylor[1],[2] put forward one based on elliptic curves[3]. It is well known that their proof is lengthy and difficult to understand. Main objective of this paper is to provide a simpler and shorter proof for FLT. It is shown that FLT can be proved by showing that two polynomial equations have no integer roots when the independent variable satisfies certain conditions. Theorem: The polynomial equations in x 2. ( ) 0 1 p m p pm p x p uhdx h p u 2 ( ) 0 p m p p x uhdp x h u where u,h, p,d are integers co-prime to one another , p is an odd prime and m 2 , have no integer roots co-prime to h for any integer values of it when u,h are both odd or of opposite parity[4],[5]. Lemma If ( , ) 0(mod ) p p m F a b a b p and (a, p) (b, p) 1, then 0(mod ) 1 m a b p and m 2 Proof of the theorem: We first consider the equation 2. ( ) 0 1 p m p pm p x p uhdx h p u The integer roots of this equation are the integer factors of p pm p h p u 1 and let us assume that it has an integer root. This integer root obviously must be co-prime to u,h, p since they are co-prime. If an integer satisfies the equation , then ( ) 2. ) 0 1 p p m pm p g h p uhd p u and 0(mod ) 1 m g h p . Therefore, we can write g h p j m1 , where the integer j is co-prime to d,h, p .Now, our equation can be written as m m p m p pm p h p j h p j uhdp h p u 1 1 1 1 ( )[( ) 2 ] and we use the remainder theorem to check weather the linear factor h p j m1 in h a factor of the polynomial p pm p h p u 1 in h . If so, 0 1 pm p p pm p p j p u This is impossible since ( j, p) 1, and we conclude that (1) has no integer roots we need. If g satisfies the equation 2 ( ) 0 p m p p g uhdp g h u and g must be a factor of p p h u . We also assume that h,u are both odd or of opposite parity which is relevant to Fermat‟s last theorem. First of all, we will show that g h u using the relation i i p i p i i p p p i p i C u h h u i p h u h u 2 2 1 1 1 1 ( ) .( 1) . ( ) Our equation takes the form g h u ughdp If g h u 0 , then we must have ( ) - (-1) ] 0 2 - 2 - [ .( ) 2 -3 2 -3 2 -1 -5 1 -3 -3 p p p m p p p C uh h u p u h p dp p h u If both u and h are odd, or , of opposite parity ,then the term ( ) - (-1) ] 2 -[ .( ) 2 -3 2 -3 2 -1 -4 1 -3 -3 p p p p p p C uh h u p u h p p h u is odd since p( 3) is an odd prime and therefore the equation ( ) - (-1) ] 0 2 - 2 - [ .( ) 2 -3 2 -3 2 -1 -5 1 -3 -3 p p p m p p p C uh h u p u h p dp p h u will never be satisfied since m 2dp is even. Hence, g h u . From the equation ( ) 2 .( 1) . . ( ) 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 i i p i i i p i p i p p m C u h h u i p g h u ughdp we conclude that g (h u) 0(mod p) , which follows from the lemma Therefore , we can write g h (u p j) k , where k 1 , j 0 and ((u p j),h) 1 k is since (g,h) 1. Since g h (u p j) k is an integer root of the equation we can write [ ( )][( ) 2 ] p p k k p 1 m h u h u p j h u p j uhdp As before , using the remainder theorem, we get ( ) 0 k p p u p j u But this equation will never be satisfied since j 0 .Item Investigate the spatial equity in the provision of urban parks(University of Kelaniya, 2011) Hewawasam, C.Spatial equity is an upcoming research area, and the aim of spatial equity research is to ascertain whether the distribution of public services is equitable and correlates with observed socio-economic spatial patterns, (Talen & Anselin, 1998). The achievement of equity in the provision of urban public facilities is a significant goal to urban planners in the preparation of urban development plans, to improve the quality of urban environment. This study focuses on the city of Dehiwala-Mt. Lavinia located in the Western Province of Sri Lanka, evaluating the spatial equity of the provision of urban parks. This is an initial attempt in evaluating the spatial equity of urban public facilities in a Sri Lankan context. In this paper, it attempts to highlight the importance of having an integrated equity measure, using accessibility as the core factor in achieving spatial equity in the provision of urban public facilities as planners have been unable to give a comprehensive evaluation for spatial equity in the provision of urban public facilities. Finally, spatial equity evaluation in the empirical study indicated that spatial equity of urban public facilities is more uneven for aggregated level than for the disaggregated level.