ICAPS 2022
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Item Health risk analysis of toxic metals via consumption of rice and other food species grown in Mahakanadarawa - Maradankulama areas in Anuradhapura district; A study in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2022) Perera, P. L. R. A.; Perera, W. P. R. T.; Liyanage, J. A.; Premaratne, W. A. P. J.Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a heterogeneous disorder that impairs kidney functions and structure. Even though a number of studies were conducted on this issue, a specific reason has not yet been discovered. Unexpected contaminants have harmed crop quality in recent decades, threatening food security and human health. This study was designed to assess the status of toxic metal contamination of frequently consuming food species in selected Maradankulama - Mahakanadarawa Grama Niladari (GN) divisions to evaluate the link between CKDu prevalence and food safety in the selected areas. Maradankulama - Mahakanadarawa GN divisions in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka, were selected as the sampling areas. The sampling procedure was conducted in April (2022). Food samples, including (rice grains of Oryza sativa; n=25, leaves of Centella asiatica; n=25, fruits of Citrus crenatiflora; n=18, grains of Vigna radiate; n=10) were collected from the villager’s own paddy fields, and home gardens of the CKDu suspected patients according to the random stratified sampling method and the collected food samples were digested by microwave digestion. (added 8.0 mL of conc. Nitric acid to 0.2 g of food sample and digested) The concentrations of metal ions in food samples, including Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, Zinc, Arsenic, and Calcium, were measured using the Inductive Coupled Plasma technique (ICP). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Statistics Software. Accordingly, mean As and Pb concentrations of Oryza sativa (As-0.15 mg/kg, Pb-3.10 mg/kg) and Citrus crenatiflora (As-0.15 mg/kg, Pb-0.47 mg/kg), Pb (0.65 mg/kg) and Cd (0.05 mg/kg content in Centella asiatica, and mean concentrations of As (0.14 mg/kg), Pb (9.25 mg/kg) and Cu (57.8 mg/kg) in Vigna radiate exceeded the permissible limits given by the FAO and WHO, 2011 (As-0.1 mg/kg, Pb-0.1 mg/kg, Cd-0.05 mg/kg, Cr-2.3 mg/kg, Cu-40 mg/kg). In addition to Pb, Cd, As, Cr and Cu, other detected metals have not exceeded the permissible limits in all samples. According to the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values of Cr exceeded the threshold value of 1 for all food species. In addition to that, Pb is also considered a toxic element, and THQ values of Pb in Oryza sativa and Vigna radiate reported noticeably high values. The total EDIs (Estimated Daily Intake) of Cr, Ni, Cd, As, Cu and Pb for all selected food samples studied have not exceeded the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). Considering the resident’s complete diet, these EDIs can be enhanced. As a result, the consumption of analyzed rice, leafy vegetables, and legumes was deemed unsafe, and their regular consumption may cause a risk for the prevalence of CKDu in selected areas.Item Risk assessment of toxic metal contamination in groundwater and paddy soil; A study in CKDu affected Maradankulama area in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2022) Ranasinghe, R. A. H. B.; Premaratne, W. A. P. J.; Perera, P. L. R. A.; Perera, W. P. R. T.; Liyanage, J. A.Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) has emerged as a serious public health concern in Sri Lanka. The North Central Region (NCR) has the highest CKDu prevalence in the country, and the disease is more prevalent among farming communities and people who rely on groundwater as their primary source of drinking water. Meanwhile, heavy metal/metalloids exposure and accumulation are recognized as the causative agent of many acute and chronic diseases in certain vulnerable human tissues, including the kidneys. This study assesses the level of contamination of heavy metals/metalloids in drinking water and agricultural soil in a CKDu endemic area in NCR, Sri Lanka. Fifteen groundwater samples collected from wells were analyzed for pH, EC, hardness, heavy metals, and anion concentration using potentiometric, conductometric, titrimetric, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric, and ion chromatographic methods, respectively. From six sampling sites in a paddy field, composite soil samples were collected from the surface, and two depths (30 cm and 60 cm). Soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, organic matter, potassium, phosphate, and heavy metals using potentiometric, conductometric, titrimetric, flame photometric, colorimetric, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric methods respectively. Accordingly, the mean pH of groundwater is 7.25 and this lies within the guideline values. Mean EC is 662.4 μS/cm and mean hardness is 287.0 mg CaCO3/L. Among fifteen samples, four and five water samples have exceeded the health guideline values for EC and hardness, respectively. Metal content varies in the following order, Cd < As < Cr < Cu < Co < Fe < Ni < Mn < Zn. Pb was not detected in any of the water samples and other metals were found in concentrations well below the standard guideline values. Only one sample and three samples exceeded the guideline value for fluoride and nitrite, respectively. Mean pH, EC, organic matter, potassium, and phosphate in paddy soil is 7.57, 101.8 μS/cm, 1.34%, 148.9 mg/kg, and 24.05 mg/kg respectively. Heavy metal content in soil varies in the following order, Cd < As < Pb < Co < Ni < Cu < Zn < Cr < Mn < Fe. Paddy soil from the very bottom showed the highest pH, Pb, Cd, As, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Fe content while the highest EC, organic matter and potassium content was detected in topsoil. EC, organic matter, and potassium content decreased with the depth of the soil, and the concentration of Pb, As, Zn, Mn, and Fe increased with the depth. This study reveals the dependence of some soil quality parameters on the depth of the soil profile. Monitoring the soil quality is important to minimize the possibility of heavy metal uptake by rice plants. Low heavy metal concentration in groundwater may not have an acute health effect on humans. But long-term chronic exposure to toxic heavy metals together with high EC, hardness, and fluoride would be a reason to trigger the prevalence of CKDu in Maradankulama area.Item Evaluation of toxic metal contamination in surface sediments and water in Mahakanadarawa tank; Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2022) Sampath, M.; Perera, R. T.; Perera, R. A.; Liyanage, J. A.; Premaratne, W. A. P. J.Toxic elements, including heavy metals/metalloids, readily contaminate water reservoirs via natural mechanisms such as surface runoff, precipitation, and atmospheric deposition. As a result, some toxic metals can be accumulated in surface sediments in the reservoirs and be incorporated into the food chains. It has become a major issue because various trace elements contaminate water, soil, and sediments, which can have serious health consequences due to their toxicity, persistence, and carcinogenic nature. This study was carried out with the aim of analysing the sediment quality in a major irrigation tank called Mahakanadarawa tank in Anuradhapura district, which is located in a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Fifteen composite sediment samples (five samples in each of fifteen different locations) were randomly collected around the Mahakanadarawa tank in April (2022). Twenty surface water samples (Triplicated) were collected from the Mahakanadarawa lake using twenty different locations. Concentrations of metal elements including Mn, Co, As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Ni were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multi-element standards were used for the instrumental calibration. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Statistics Software. According to the analysis of the sediment samples, none of the analysed toxic metals have exceeded the severe effect level as well as the lowest effect level. Abundancy of the metals in the sediments samples is varied as Fe> Mn > Cr> Zn > Cu >Pb > Ni >Co> As> Cd. The Igeo (Geo Accumulation value) values obtained, and the index values exhibit that the sediment samples have a tendency to transfer to an unpolluted to moderately polluted stage with analysed toxic metals except for Zn and Cd. Owing to the long-term intense applications of the crop fertilisers and pesticides in the area, toxic metals may be transferred and concentrated in the tanks from the agricultural fields. Apart from that, average concentrations values of analysed metals, including toxic metals such as Pb, As, and Cd in surface water, were far below the irrigation standards. Contamination of food chains and worsening the hazardous conditions for aquatic life can occur due to the toxic metal accumulations in the surface sediments. In order to conduct a health risk assessment for the consumption of tank fish from Mahakanadarawa tank, further studies should be performed by conducting several sampling cycles of sediment and water as well as toxic metal contamination status of inland fish in Mahakanadarawa tank also need to be evaluated.