ARS - 2008
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Item Impact of the Job Stress on Employee Turnover Intention of Nonmanagerial Employees in the Garment Manufacturing Industry in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Chathurani, R.A.I.; Sangarandenya, Y.M.S.W.V.Today many organizations have confronted with the problem of higher level of employee turnover as it brings higher replacement cost to these companies. Specially analyzing the current situation of the Garment Manufacturing Industry (GMI), it is observed that the turnover intention of non-managerial employees is greater than its expected level and have become a major threat to their existence. The job stress is one of the major facts which tremendously influencing on this problem. This study mostly focused to identify the impact job stress (JS) on employee turnover intention (TI) of non-managerial employees in the garment manufacturing industry in Sri Lanka. The sample of employees (n=240) was randomly selected from 10 organizations in the GMI. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire and they were analyzed using Licket's five scale ranking method. This research is basically consisting of the characteristics of descriptive and explanatory study. Data relevant to goal conflict, task demand, work over-load, organizational structure, work relationships, self turnover intention and other's perceived turnover intention were analyzed in this study. It was found that there were about 67.5% higher level of employee stress and also about 75% higher level of turnover intention of non-managerial employees. These facts indicate the real situation in the GMI in terms of higher level of JS and higher level of TI thereto, which it confronted with. And it was found that there was a 0.89 higher positive eo-relationship between JS and employee Tl. Therefore, impact of job stress on non-managerial employee turnover intention of the considered organizations is very high and it has become a burning problem and enormous threat to the GMI of Sri Lanka. As the overall conclusion it can be concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between the job stress and the nonmanagerial employee turnover intention. Consequently, GMI should take steps to reduce job related stress of the NMES.Item ශ්රී ලංකාවේ විශ්වවිද්යාල වල හින්දුස්ථානී රාගධාරී සංගීතය ඉගෙනුම් ඉගැන්වීම් ක්රියාවලියේදී භාවිත වන ශිල්ප ක්රම(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Dias, W.K.R.R.Item Biocide testing programme for control of lichens on archeological monuments at World Heritage sites in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Fernando, S.; Jayaratne, D.L.Cultural monuments in the world heritage sites in Sri Lanka have suffered many disfigurements over the centuries due to a variety of threats. The main threats are the biological agents such as higher plants, bryophytes, algae, fungi and lichens. Lichen is a symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga that appears to be a single plant. These lichens attached firmly to the surfaces of monuments and as they grow and spread progressively weaken the surface making disfigurement of monuments. This study focused on finding the safe and best effective treatment which can remove and control all the different types of lichens growing on stone monuments at Sigiriya and Anuradapura. The two acceptable methods for the removal of lichens from the archeological monuments are the physical removal and the chemical treatment for eradication. The application of biocide chemicals for the complete eradication of lichens have been considered as the most effective method than physical removal which allows remaining microscopic propagules eventually colonize monument surface making more denser cover than the previous colonization. Therefore, seven commercially available biocides; "Captan, Mancozeb, F olicur, Hadonal D, Paraquat, Mergal S 89 and No More Mould" were tested on the stone monuments in three different locations at Sigiriya and one location at "Abayagiriya Monastry", Anuradapura. To begin treatments, the lichen inhabiting surface areas of 1 00cm2 quadrates were marked on the stone monuments. Then randomly selected five quadrates in each location were assigned to each of the biocide treatment. The manufacturers recommended concentrations of the biocides were spayed at the rate of 0.03ml/cm2 onto the lichens inhabiting surface area of the assigned quadrates using hand operated sprayers. The observations were recorded every three months intervals during the 18 months period. Data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA. The treatments showed highly significant effects on lichen control (p< 0.001). Further the Tukey's multiple comparison tests concluded that the product "No more mould" has highly significant positive control effect on the eradication of lichens in the treated areas. This product is an effective biocide recommended for the eradication of both partners (the fungi and algae) of the symbiotic association of lichens. Also, the treatment showed some kind of sealer effect to retard recolonization of lichens and other growth forms for a minimum of one year period on the treated quadrates of the stone monuments.Item A study of the impact of flooding (With reference to Kalawana Secretariat Division)(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Dayananda, W.T.H.Kalawana in Rathnapura District is confronting constant situations of floods. This is motivated by the geographical location of the area including heavy annual rainfall of over 1500 mm. The present study seeks to identify sociological and economical issues of this natural calamity. The research encompasses historical and comparative methods. In addition, primary data collection methods including interviews and observations were utilized. Reports of Secretariat Divisions and Gramasewakas and folklores were used in addition to the secondary data collection methods. The research finds out that the unorganized and illegal constructions, various types of development projects, plantation of commercial crops and mining industry contribute in resulting flood in the specified area. The main cause for the instant flood in Kalawana has been identified as the Kukule ganga project. Furthermore, the floods impose a threat to the livelihood of the people in the area as well as hinder the economic wellbeing of the people. It's recognized that the development projects should be implemented on the basis of sustainable development and at the same time, individual behaviours should be organized in an environmental friendly manner.Item විශ්වවිද්යාල ශිෂ්ය ගැටුම් කෙරෙහි බලපා ඇති සාධක පිළිබඳ අධ්යයනය(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Jayasena, S.T.Item Impact of Indian soap operas on the Sri Lankan society(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Sumedha, K.; Priyadharshani, S.H.S.Television is a domestic and romantic medium. Teledrama is one of the most important aspects of the television cultural industry aimed at women. Indian teledramas of 'soap opera' genre are telecast dubbed in Sinhalese. The objective of the study is to identify the social impact of the soap operas on the Sri Lankan society. Here the influence on family and the society is studied with respect to spread of the television, dubbing, telecasting time, advertising strategies, liberal market, the social class represented by the soap operas, promotional strategies and local teledrama production. Also a communicative analysis will be made on the influence of soap operas on family considering following aspects: Theme of the story, Plot (reality and illusion), Actors (characters), Sets, Costumes and makeup, Music & Technology. The researchers use Survey Method and both primary and secondary data are used .. To collect primary data researchers use Questioners and observations. The sample consists of 100 families in Colombo district representing urban, semi-urban and rural sectors. Secondary data are obtained from books and magazines. According to data gathered these soap operas directly affect the domestic and social life style in Sri Lanka.Item Customer Satisfaction towards Services Quality of Sri Lankan Supermarkets: An Empirical Study(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Gajanayake, R.Services quality is considered as a key dimension of customer satisfaction. In supermarkets, it is a basic retailing strategy which is practiced in all over the world. Sri Lankan supermarkets also try to enhance the services quality since it assists in both retention and expansion of existing customer base. The main objective of this study was to figure out the customer satisfaction towards services quality of supermarkets in Sri Lanka. Further it was aimed to identify the retailing strategies used by Sri Lankan supermarkets to improve the services quality. This study based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from the sample survey that was carried out by using structured questionnaire for 50 customers in Gampaha districts. Simultaneously unstructured discussions were also made to identify the attitude of supermarkets' employees towards the service quality. Descriptive statistical methods such as percentages, frequency counts and mean scores were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that there is a significant impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in Sri Lankan supermarkets and more than 80% of respondents were in the view that they select supermarket outlets because of the service quality and the convenience of selecting varieties of products.Item Weaknesses in proportional representative system in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Mudalige, P.The successful implementation of electoral system is a characteristic of a democratic state. The proportional representative system is one of the main representative system in the world which came into being in 1978 through the second republic constitution in Sri Lanka. Several important features of proportional representative system can be identified such as the existence of a national list, preferential system, 2011 principle and bonus seat. The paper discusses certain crucial weaknesses regarding the general election. The study tries to identify the best system of election for Sri Lanka which at present is becoming a focus of debate. The government also makes considerations in finding durable solutions to these failures. Likewise the study attempts to identify possible grounds of introducing a suitable and workable electoral system to Sri Lanka. Primary and secondary data were used in order to fulfill the basic objective. The paper concludes the suggestion that the mixed representative system is the best form of electoral system to Sri Lanka.Item දකුණු ආසියානු කලාපයේ ත්රස්තවාදය මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Thalpawila, O.N.Item සංගීත මුදෘකාංග භාවිතය මගින් කලාකරුවාගේ අනන්යතාවයට හා වෘත්තීය අවස්ථා වලට ඇතිවන බලපෑම පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනාත්මක අධ්යයනයක්(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Priyadarshana, G.D.S.Item Study of double junction effect on the quantum efficiency of optical devices(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Hansameenu, W.P.T.; Siripala, W.P.In practical optical devices one of the most important parameter which determines the performance of the device is the quantum efficiency. Generally, an optical device is fabricated using a junction between two semiconductors or a junction between a metal and a semiconductor. However, in practice formation of unwanted junctions during the fabrication stage of the optical devices is a major problem and it will result in the reduction of the overall performance of the device. In this investigation, a theoretical study was carried out on an optical device made by using a semiconductor/ metal junction to study this eff�ct. The formation of an additional junction at the back contact was considered as the reason for the formation of a double junction. In the study, photoinduced charge separation at the two space charge layers was considered as the main contribution to the photocurrents. Both drift current and diffusion current of the majority and minority carriers are considered in the continuity equation for calculating the total current produced by the device. Absorption of photons in the semiconductor was calculated using the variation of the absorption coefficient with the wavelength of the direct band gap semiconductor Cu20. In solving the continuity equation, the absorption of light in both space charge regions and creation of electron- hole pairs and the motion of the carriers in opposite directions were considered. The computed variation of the quantum efficiency with the wavelength of the incident light agreed well with the reported experimental results. We could observe that the efficiency of the device is drastically reduced as a result of the double junction effect. Further, with our model it was possible to explain the observation of the variation of direction of photocurrent with the wavelength, as a result of the existence of a double junction. In conclusion, using the computed quantum efficiency variation with the wavelength it was possible to obtain the junction parameters of an optical device using experimental data.Item Kandyan temple murals: a comparative study of murals of the Kandyan Kingodm and the Maritime Provinces during the 17th and 18th centuries(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Koggalage, D.Temple murals of the Kandyan tradition were a visual media which indicated the attitudes and beliefs of the people of Sri Lanka during the 17th and 18th centuries. These murals are not only works of art but also authentic historical sources. Thus, these murals can be used as primary sources for the study of the history of the Kandyan Kingdom as well as the colonial influence on the Maritime Provinces. The paper would focus on the attitudes and the observations of the artists regarding the colonial rule and the social influence of the colonizers on traditional society. A marked difference could be seen in indicating such attitudes and observations of the artists who created the murals in the Kandyan temples from those of the artists who created murals in the temples of the Maritime Provinces. The aim of this paper is to critically examine this difference. Although artists used the same style of drawing i.e. the style popularly known as the Kandyan style, the contents of the murals of the two regions indicate notable differences. These differences, when defined historically indicate the distinct manner in which the attitudes of the two regions were formed during colonial rule.Item A parapsychology analysis of undiagnosed diseases(University of Kelaniya, 2008) de Silva, D.M.D.R.Undiagnosed diseases are particular types of diseases that could not investigate the etiology and causal factors. These diseases couldn't be managed successfully by recognized medical techniques. But the patients still suffer from physical aliments. Hence, undiagnosed disease has become a puzzle in medical science and at the same time it becomes an endless, trouble to the patient. Parapsychology, a sub field of psychology is the discipline which studies metaphysical basis of the human behavior. The metaphysical factors which are study in parapsychology are karmic laws, supernatural beings, voodoo and extra sensory perception. The objective of this paper is to study the para psychological factors of undiagnosed diseases. For this purpose five cases were selected, and all five patients have gone through a long period of Western medical treatment, investigations from various medical doctors, both MBBS and consultants. As they have not received a successful clear finally got the treatment of white magic and were cured. To study the five cases their prescriptions, Xtray reports were collected. The prescriptions and test reports were submitted to a natural psychology consultant and his opinion was sort. Secondly a psychological opinion on the same prescription test report were obtained. As the final step the demonologist who did the white magic treatment was interviewed. And his opinion on the illness was also taken in to consideration. The study shows that white magic could successfully manage undiagnosed diseases in which Western medicine and psycho therapy failed.Item A metric which represents a sphere of constant uniform density comprising electrically counterpoised dust,(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Wimaladharma, N.A.S.N.; De Silva, Nalin.ABSTRACT Following the authors who have worked on this problem such Bonnor et.al 1•2 , Wickramasuriya3 and we write the metric which represents a sphere of constant density p = -1-, with suitable units, as ds2 = 47Z" (e(: ))2 c2 dt2 - ( e(r )Y ( dr2 + r2 dQ 2) ds2 = ( 1 B)' c'dT' - ( D + !)' (dR' + R2dQ') D+-R Ora A .!!! = e(a) dT (1+ ) (i) -2 ( ) -2 ( B (e(a) )3 B' a cdt = ) ( B )3 -7 cdT 1+-A => _dt = _-_B--'(,e(-'-a-- )Y---=----�(ii) dT A'B'(a{l + )' (1+ B => dr A ) -=-dR --B(a) _____ (iii) 154 Proceedi11gs of the A1111Ua/ Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies U11iversity of Kela11iya From (i) and (ii), we have e(a1 = - B (B(a )Y 3 (t+ A) A'll'(a{l+ ) (1+ B ) From (iv), ( ) = !!_ (vi) Ba A __ (v) Using equation (vi) in equation (v), we have B -A'(:: } '(a) -a2ll'(a ) . Substituting the value of B in equation (iv), B(a )a = ( 1 + ) A = A+ B =A- a2B'(a) =>A= aB(a)+ a2B'(a) . Then the metric becomes ds2 = 1 c2 dt2 - (e( )Y (dr2 + r2 dQ2) (e(r )Y r dsz = 1 cz dT z - (1- (a2B '(a))J 2 ( dRz + R z dQ z ) (t _(a'(a))J' R where A=(ae(a )+ a2B'(a ))Item An analysis of the Effectiveness of English Medium Instruction at the University of Kelaniya(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Weerasinghe, M.Over the past decade, many Sri Lankan universities have shifted to offering English as a medium of instruction in their degree courses. Furthermore, several sub sections of these universities have made the English stream compulsory for all students. This paper will analyse how students have been affected by these shifts in policy, and whether these changes are helping advance the goals that were outlined when implementing them. Research has shown that in many developing countries, a strong correlation exists between external funding and English language policy changes (Brock-utne, 2002), and that many of these shifts are often fueled by external pressure (Phillipson, 2001) and are made without a satisfactory understanding of the mechanics of language acquisition. This paper will examine the circumstances surrounding policy changes in the departments being studied, and compare the goals of these initiatives with the results they actually deliver. Specifically, this paper will focus on the new English language policies of the Faculty of Commerce and Management of the University of Kelaniya, and attempt to analyse how effective they have been in helping undergraduates switch over to the English medium. In order to do so, this project will use both qualitative and quantitative research, including questionnaires, interviews with members of faculty and an analysis of student grades.Item Social Geographical study on early adolescent pregnancy: a case study in the Warakapola divisional secretariat division(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Rathnasekara, S.R.L.S.Early adolescent pregnancy (within the age groups of 10-19) has become a critical issue in the contemporary world as well as in Sri Lanka. This leads to cripple the society in many ways since it has already created many problems in terms of socio-economic, cultural, and family problems around the world. As a developing country, where majority of Sri Lankan yet live in economically backward rural areas the problem of early adolescent pregnancy has become a critical barrier to the development process. The present paper discusses the issue in detail pertaining to the three mid-wife areas in Warakapola divisional secretariat division. Data was collected for this study, mainly through the field studies using questionnaire. As sample of 30 mothers out of 87 cases recorded, for 2000-2006 was selected for the survey. Statistical methods and the Geographical Information Systems have assisted for data analysis. According to the study poverty is the main reason to the process. The mental poverty was the outstanding problem among these. And also the educational level, caste system, level of living, and degree of social integrity strongly affect the intensity of occurrence of early adolescent pregnancy in the study area. Majority of the early adolescent mothers live with their legal husbands. Many mothers are worried about their fate, but some of them are satisfied with their family life and children. Their main request is a permanent source of income to settle their basic economic problems. This study explored a single aspect of social problems, which leads to create a link with the other problems in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the findings of this study would be important in numerous ways to policy makers, planners and other relevant researchers, in order to assist and guide in regulating the process of granting redress for the suffering. Besides the conclusion of the study suggests certain measures to lessen the impact of this issue.Item ගෝරා සහ සමාජය (රවීන්ද්රනාථ ඨකූර්ගේ ගෝරා නවකතාව පිළිබඳ සමාජ විද්යාත්මක අධ්යයනයකි(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Eranda, K.Item News Reporting and Editing Content analysis on selected 5 news stories on crime reporting (Times of India and The Hindu -15th March-20th March 2007)(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Nishshanke, C.Journalists picked news stories from the society. Then these news stories are not totally new for the readers. News exert from the readers own experiences, from the reality. But journalists analysis it and present it in totally new way. Journalist selects a story from common experience and analysis it with a new dimension. In that way he can create completely new news for his readers. News is mostly defined by its qualities. The qualities are timeliness, proximity, prominence, consequence, rarity and human interest. Sometimes we can categorize news as hard news and soft news. According to this explanation crime reporting is related to timeliness, proximity and human interest. And we can identify it as a category of hard news. Newspapers report crimes just after it happened; not after few days or few weeks. When some one writes a good news story he/she follows an action plan. But when a journalist reports a crime incidence, he/she can not follow all theoretical structures. Crime is an unexpected instant incidence. Nobody cannot control its nature. Journalist should adjust to report crime incident with its own nature and own characteristics. With any of these difficulties, when journalist report crime news, that news should follow the basic concepts of reporting. According to these 5 crime stories this study, we can have an idea of news reporting in Indian news papers. If there is an unknown personal crime, news media will cover it in a balance and fair manner. But if it is connected with powerful social classes or political society, then the news media start to work with their institutional agendas. They look at the incident through the frame of their owners political agenda.Item An analysis of the differences between male and female writing in the ESL classroom(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Perera, P.V.N.It is already established that there is a difference between "women's language" and "men's language". Research has shown that there is a significant difference in the performance related to language between male and female students in ESL classrooms. However, most of the research conducted so far has mainly focused on the different styles of speaking between males and females. This paper seeks to explore whether there is a difference in writing in English between male and female undergraduates of the University ofKelaniya. A sample of essays, written on the same topic, by 30 male and 30 female undergraduates, randomly chosen from those who follow the course English for Communication-ELTU 13012 at the English Language Unit of the university, will be analysed to investigate if their writing style and content differ according to their gender. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of lesson material and teaching material and allow for lesson planners and teachers to deliver their content in a manner that will be beneficial for both genders.Item Singularities of the elastic S-matrix element,(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Jayasinghe, W.J.M.L.P.; Piyadasa, R.A.D.It is well known that the standard conventional method of integral equations is not able to explain the analyticity of the elastic S-matrix element for the nuclear optical potential including the Coulomb potential. It has been shown[1],[2] that the cutting down of the potential at a large distance is essential to get rid of the redundant poles of the S-matrix element in case of an attractive exponentially decaying potential. This method has been found [3] to be quite general and it does not change the physics of the problem. Using this method , analiticity and the singularities of the S-matrix element is discussed. Singularities of the elastic S-matrix element Partial wave radial wave equation of angular momentum l corresponding to elastic scattering is given by, [ d2 - 2 /(/+ 1)] 2p [ . ] 2 + k - 2 u1(k,r)=-2 V(r)+ Vc(r)+ zW(r) u1(k,r) M r n (1) where V (r) is the real part of nuclear potential, W (r) is the imaginary part of the optical potential · (r) is the Coulomb potential, and k is the incident wave number. Energy dependence of the optical potential is usually through laboratory energy E1ah and hence it depend on k2 and therefore k2- 2 [V(r) + Vc(r) + i W(r)] is depending on k n through e . It is Well known that . (r) is independent Of k Jn Order tO make U 1 ( k, r) an entire function of k , we impose k independent boundary condition at the origin . Now, we can make use of a well known theorem of Poincare to deduce that the wave function is an entire function of k2 and hence it is an entire function of k as well. We cut off the exponential tails of the optical potential at sufficiently large Rm and use the relation -1 --d u1 =.:u ;<--l -(k,-r)--s--'-r (--k,R--m----') u-'-;(+l--- ( k,-r) u, dr u/-l(k ,r)-sr(k,Rm) uj+l(k,r) (2) to define St(k,Rm),where u,<-l(k,r) and u,<+l(k,r) stand for incoming and outgoing Coulomb wave functions respectively which are given by I (±l(k )-+· [r(/+ l+i 17) ]2 [J[2"+iU+nJ w (-2 'u1 ,r - _l . e 1 1k r ) r(Z+I-z17) +i,,/+2 (3) where Ware the Whittaker functions. In the limit Rm oo St (k,Rm) ,the nuclear part of the S-matrix element , becomes St { k) and the redundant poles removed[1 ],[2].Now, the nuclear S-matrix element , in terms of the Whittaker functions is given by 143 Proceedings of the Annual Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Kelaniya where w' 1 (2ikr)-(k,r) W I (2ikr) IIJ, 1+-2 in'" 1+-2 , ,r 2 Rm W. 1 (-2ikr)-(-k,r)W 1 (-2ikr) -IIJ, I+-2 -ill ' 1+-2 P1(k,r) = u;(k,r) ,and St (k) has an essential singularity at k = 0, which u1(k,r) , (4) is apparent from the Wister's definition of the Gamma function l(z) smce z= l+ 1 ±i lJ .However, this singularity has no any physical meaning and is an outcome of treating 21Jk as well defined quantity for all k including k = 0 in the corresponding r Schrodinger equation .The infinite number of zeros and poles of S- matrix element due to the Gamma functions associated with S - matrix element have to be interpreted 1 carefully. S;'(k)=O at the zeros of ---- f(l+1+i1J ) and then the total wave function reduces to [ . ] I J( '7 +i(/+I)ZZ"j uj-l(k,r)=-i f(l+1-'7) e l 2 2 W (2ikr) f(l+1+zlJ) i11,1+l2 which is also zero. Even though the corresponding energies of these states are negative since the corresponding wave number is given by ? k= z · z,z2 e- 2 n= 0' 1' 2 , ... 11 (n+l+1) they are not physically meaningful bound states as found in[1],[2] long ago. These states are unphysical since poles are redundant poles. This fact is clearly understood by the fact that all these poles are absent in the physically meaningful total S - matrix element. For large 1k1, Sin' (k) (- ) { e-21k r S(k), where S(k) = [-ik+(k)] • +2k [ik-(-k)]. smce W = e- " for large k. Therefore the S-matrix element has an essential singularity at infinity, which is on the imaginary axis. It is clear that there are no redundant poles in the total S-matrix element is free from redundant poles sinceSJ (k) =SeS t , where Se = f(l + 1 + i7J) f(l+1-i1]) .