IPRC - 2018
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/19163
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Item Changing Crop Pattern in Central Highlands of Sri Lanka; Reasons and Consequences (A Case Study of Aranayaka Samasara Mountain area)(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Silva, T.M.; Sakalasooriya, N.The case study discusses changing crop pattern in central highlands of Sri Lanka and the case focused to Aranayaka Samasara mountain area. Especially it has drastically been changed the ecosystems of central highlands without concerning the land condition and their consequences. Disasters, which have been occurred in central highlands, have also been increased with the intensity and the number of disasters and Aranayaka landslide, which was occurred on 17 May 2016, is one of the best evidence. The case study paid attention about three crops as Tea, Rubber and Home Gardens. The main objective of the study is to identify the pattern of crop changes in the study area. There are two specific objectives as find out reasons and consequences reference to the crop pattern changes. This case study proves the significance of cropland management of hilly areas in Sri Lanka The study found the cropland pattern of the area had changed within last 50 years of period. The area encompassed by major Tea and Home Gardens with minor Rubber lands. Apart from that, the area had exposed to the excessive land preparation, and took very limited remedies as application for the conservation of slopes plus extreme land uses denoted near steep slopes of the area as remain poor land management system. When concluding with all above results the changes of crop pattern has changed without concerning the fragile environment of the area and just concern short-term benefits from the harvest of the croplands. The major consequence due to this crop pattern change is, the area has exposed to disaster as landslide and made unstable banks. These results were taken by applying both cartographical and ground level analysis. Cartographical analysis based on land covers in 1956, 1981, 1992, 2012 and 2016. Arc Map 10.1 used as a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool and relevant Geoprocessing techniques were applied. The ground level analysis verifies the story of cartographic contrast changesItem The Measures that Were Taken by the Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations in Sri Lanka and Germany for Sustainable Development of Senior Citizens a Comparison(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Samanmalee, S.M.T.This research focuses on similarities and differences between measures that taken by governmental and non- governmental organizations in Sri Lanka and Germany to uplift the quality of life of the elderly population. Elders can be defined as people over the age of 60 or 65 years. As a result of the decline of morality and fertility rate, the population of senior citizens in many countries in the world have increased. The Rapid growth of elderly population in the world is becoming one of the major challenges in several fronts as social, cultural and economic. Sri Lanka as a developing country and Germany as a developed country face many social and economic challenges during the last few decades according to the change of age structure. The demographic transition may a negative impact of Sri Lanka and Germany on economic growth. With the rapid growth of the elderly generation, the whole society has a responsibility to take care of them. Especially policymakers have a huge responsibility to make policies and take actions to uplift the quality of life of the senior citizens, which is timely very necessary. The objective of this research is to examine, what are the governmental and non- governmental organizations in both countries, which are conducting welfare programs and other programs to uplift the quality of life of Senior citizens and how may these programs affect the sustainable development of the elderly? This research is based upon interviews with governmental and non-governmental organizations, observations, interviews conducted with senior citizens, visiting the organization and studying statistical data and other written articles, which are related to the research area. Also, both verbal and written questionnaires were given to obtain the necessary data for the research. According to the finding of the research, it shows significant differences between the quality of life of senior citizens in Sri Lanka and Germany. Among many differences, it highlighted a main and an important difference, which is the social security system in Germany as it covers 99 percent of the whole population, which is in Sri Lanka only a small percentage. Timely it is becoming a necessity to create and implement a better social security system for the elderly population in the country for their sustainable developmentItem Sri Lankan Women and Sexual Harassments at Workplaces: In Search of Law Reforms(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Pathiraja, P.M.A.S.Greater participation of women in employment is a common practice in 21st century and it is important for their economic maintenance and sustainability. In the era of rights based approach, the right to work is an essential right of every person and it was noticed that the women are the most vulnerable group of victims under sexual harassment at workplaces. Sexual Harassment generally refers to any act (physical, verbal, gestural, visual, tacit or written) that inflicts physical, mental or other harm or annoyance based on another person’s gender and/or sexuality and it can be recognized as a violation of human rights and human dignity, which undermines the equal opportunities and treatment between men and women. In the domestic scenario, workplace sexual Harassment often goes unreported and women employees who experience the sexual harassment has failed to report the harassing behavior or to file a complaint because of the social or professional retaliation. According to the reported statistics, throughout the last two decades Sri Lanka has been experiencing high rate of increasing incidents regarding the sexual harassments towards the women at workplaces regardless of their social, economic or educational position. The problems at workplace, discourage women to continue working and it has become a significant threat to the working women in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss the problem of protecting women from sexual harassments at workplaces by exploring the inadequacy of laws available in Sri Lanka in terms of both domestic and international obligations and set a policy framework for establishing a legal, institutional and social infrastructure by analyzing the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations. This research will mainly follow a qualitative research method based on a literature review and carried out by the reference of primary and secondary sources. Furthermore, the research was enhanced with the data collected through the interviews with State Department and relevant stakeholders in relation to protect women from sexual harassment at workplace. Amending the provisions of some existing legislations, making the employer vicariously liable for sexual harassment occur in workplaces, adopting relevant International Labour Organization (ILO) standards to domestic laws and public awareness are some recommendations on this matter. Moreover, this research examines successful lessons from India for the purpose of analysing the inadequacy of existing laws in Sri Lanka and offers suggestions to enhance prevailing legal framework to protect women from sexual harassments at workplaces in Sri LankaItem Rural Tourism and Rural Household Economic Development in Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Perera, I.G.A.N.Nowadays Tourism plays a leading role in economic development process, as one of the most human sensible industries in the global market. Rural tourism is one of the crucial determinants which mostly deal with rural life patterns to identify significance of tourism industry on economic development. The reliability and correlation of the relationship between contribution of rural tourism activities and rural household economic development was tested by this study to remark the significance of contribution of rural tourism on rural household economic development in Sri Lanka. The research area was selected as the Hiriwadunna grama niladhari division in the Anuradhapura district among a few numbers of villages which conduct rural tourism activities in a regular basis as one of their main livelihood. Basically the study used both primary and secondary data and the research sample included both, villagers from Hiriwadunna grama niladhari division and tourists including both local and foreign who had come to visit Hiriwadunna village within a given period of time. The sample was selected using simple random sampling and strategic sampling methods. The data was collected through structured interviews using two separate questionnaires for villagers and tourists. Collected data was organized using the software as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and analyzed using correlation co-efficient, reliability tests and the regression analysis. The analysis addressed five research questions as contribution of rural tourism activities as one of their important livelihood (income source), effects of demand for rural tourism activities on households’ income, impact of intermediaries on income changes of rural households, overall contribution of rural tourism activities to develop rural household economy and how to improve and to make contribution of rural tourism more efficient as an economic development strategy in rural areas of Sri Lanka. Five hypotheses constructed and tested to identify significance of relationship between two variables in each research question. Though the derived results revealed that rural tourism significantly influenced on economic development of rural households in Sri Lanka, impact of intermediaries, less intervention of the government, lack of formal organizations or a national policy framework have affected negatively on contribution of rural tourism activities on rural household economic development in Sri Lanka. Hence the study suggests that elimination of these drawbacks with a proper guidance of both public and private sectors will be able to enhance the significance of rural tourism as an efficient strategy of developing rural household economy in Sri LankaItem Conceptual Framework for Promoting Food Tourism in Pettah, Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Embuldeniya, A.; Embuldeniya, P.Sri Lanka as country is well known for tourism as well as hospitality. There is an increasing trend in tourists’ arrivals on the cause of archaeological and historical places, cultural activities, adventure and etc. On the same time tourists were tend to stay short period of time in the country. As tourists are encouraged to stay few nights in the country, promotion of short term tourism experiences for the tourists will be an effective utilization of available natural and man-made resources. Therefore, the study is motivated to develop a conceptual framework in order to promote food tourism in Pettah, Sri Lanka. As the sample frame of the study cannot be clearly identified the convenience sampling method has been used to collect data from the field and questionnaire method was used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with Pettah in promoting food tourism. Questionnaire method was the main source of information while unstructured interviews also occasionally carried out. Descriptive statistics, SWOT analysis, and chi-square test were used to analyze data with the assistance of SPSS version 21.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010. The results of the study identified that most of the tourists are aware of Pettah as a place where all the goods are available. But none of the tourists was tend to visit Pettah due to popularity of its foods. Also the study could have identified that the majority of tourists buy some street foods from the street vendors while they are experiencing shopping at Pettah. Thereby the study could have identified that there is a huge opportunity to improve Pettah as a destination for Food Tourism. Pettah could be identified as a destination where a combination of strength and opportunities as well as weaknesses and threats too. The study found that Pettah is with a preferable environment for tourists and local travelers where majority of tourists and travelers comes for shopping purposes at lower cost. There is a collection of food manufacturing companies in the country whom that can be encouraged to be an active part of promoting food tourism in Pettah. Also there can be identified wide variety of foods and diverse product mixes relevant to specific regions, religions, festivals, races, and etc. On the same time the lower level attitude towards the quality of products in Pettah and the lack of cleanliness around the area are the major drawbacks to promote food tourism in Pettah. However, the study could conclude that there is a significant relationship between demographic factors of the tourists and preference to the food tourism in Pettah. Thereby the promotion of food tourism in Pettah should be align with the different requirements of the tourists along with their demographic characteristics as well.Item Impact of Banking Services on Deposit Mobilization in Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Gunasekara, K.D.H.Deposit mobilization is the main function of financial institutions, where it is dominated by the banks. It is a process of collecting cash from public through their current, savings and fixed accounts and other specialized schemes, by financial institutes. Generally acknowledged that banks are service oriented organizations and the quality service delivery can affect all the activities that a bank performs. The quality of banking services mainly depends on several factors as, Branching Policy: the expansion of banking facilities and when providing facilities, accessibility is also an important factor, innovative approaches, interest rate policy, more incentives to depositors, more incentives to bank employees when achieving targets on deposit mobilization, training for bank employees and expansion of infrastructure ensure the quality service. Therefore, to assess the impact of banking services on deposit mobilization, the study was employed descriptive statistics, comparison of means and regression analysis. There were 120 respondents have been selected as the sample, by following stratified random sampling method, where Dutugemunu Street-Dehiwala (urban area), Mandawala-kirindiwela (rural area) and Ihala Biyanwila-Kadawatha (semi-urban area) were selected as the sample areas. The research was mainly based on primary data and questionnaires were carried out to obtain primary data. Banking services factor was measured by employing four sub-factors and Likert Scale Five Model has been used to rank the importance of the sub-factors. The study indicates that there is a positive strong correlation between two variables (0.899) and. ꞵ value of the independent variable is 2408.73 and it further indicates, any type of banking service improvement affects to increase deposit amount (Dependent Variable) by Rs. 2408.73 and it is significant by the 5% significant level. Among demographic variables, gender, occupation, education level, income, living area significantly affect for the deposit mobilization (P< 0.05). According to the mean comparison, respondents in both rural and semi-urban area believe that low service charges is the most important sub factor and respondents in urban areas, rank the sub factor: (24x7) service and anywhere connectivity as the most important. According to the analysis, it shows that there is a positive and significant impact of banking services on deposit mobilization decisions of people. Also the residence area is a decisive factor which affects the deposit mobilization decisions of banking customers in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it is useful to consider highly about the quality of the banking services and residential area when implementing strategies to increase deposit mobilizationItem Impact of Banking Services on Deposit Mobilization in Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Gunasekara, K.D.H.Deposit mobilization is the main function of financial institutions, where it is dominated by the banks. It is a process of collecting cash from public through their current, savings and fixed accounts and other specialized schemes, by financial institutes. Generally acknowledged that banks are service oriented organizations and the quality service delivery can affect all the activities that a bank performs. The quality of banking services mainly depends on several factors as, Branching Policy: the expansion of banking facilities and when providing facilities, accessibility is also an important factor, innovative approaches, interest rate policy, more incentives to depositors, more incentives to bank employees when achieving targets on deposit mobilization, training for bank employees and expansion of infrastructure ensure the quality service. Therefore, to assess the impact of banking services on deposit mobilization, the study was employed descriptive statistics, comparison of means and regression analysis. There were 120 respondents have been selected as the sample, by following stratified random sampling method, where Dutugemunu Street-Dehiwala (urban area), Mandawala-kirindiwela (rural area) and Ihala Biyanwila-Kadawatha (semi-urban area) were selected as the sample areas. The research was mainly based on primary data and questionnaires were carried out to obtain primary data. Banking services factor was measured by employing four sub-factors and Likert Scale Five Model has been used to rank the importance of the sub-factors. The study indicates that there is a positive strong correlation between two variables (0.899) and. ꞵ value of the independent variable is 2408.73 and it further indicates, any type of banking service improvement affects to increase deposit amount (Dependent Variable) by Rs. 2408.73 and it is significant by the 5% significant level. Among demographic variables, gender, occupation, education level, income, living area significantly affect for the deposit mobilization (P< 0.05). According to the mean comparison, respondents in both rural and semi-urban area believe that low service charges is the most important sub factor and respondents in urban areas, rank the sub factor: (24x7) service and anywhere connectivity as the most important. According to the analysis, it shows that there is a positive and significant impact of banking services on deposit mobilization decisions of people. Also the residence area is a decisive factor which affects the deposit mobilization decisions of banking customers in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it is useful to consider highly about the quality of the banking services and residential area when implementing strategies to increase deposit mobilizationItem A Comparative Study of Structural and Functional Changes of Female-Headed Households in Rural Areas in Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Panampitiya, W.M.G.N.Household is a basic unit of the social organization in order to well-function of the society. Although household has been considered as a universal of all social institutions, it can be identified that modern household has undergone significant transformations in its structure in the modern society. Female-Headed Households (FHHs) is a new structural form of household and this type of household has become a significant phenomenon in both developed and developing countries. According to the most recent Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016, out of 5.4 million households in Sri Lanka, 1.4 million households or 25.8 percent of the households were female-headed. Many changes can happen after women assuming headship of the household both in structure and functions. Household structure refers to size and shape of household and it is assumed that household has certain functional prerequisites to fulfill for survival and further operation effectively. These functions can be elaborated into various factors such as economic functions, decision making and authority, responsibilities of children, social and cultural functions. Thus, the main objective of this study was to study the present and past situation before and after woman assuming the headship of the household - transformations occurred in their household structure and in functions comparatively. The empirical study was conducted in five Grama Niladari Divisions of Galgamuwa divisional secretariat division which conveyed a marked increase of FHHs in Sri Lanka. Data were collected from a hundred FHHs through purposive sampling method based on the list of FHHs in Galgamuwa divisional secretariat division. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used as primary data collection techniques based on the survey and case study methods. Majority of women (74%) have mentioned that changes have occurred in their household structure after assuming headship. Widowhood, separation and divorce have mainly caused to change their household structures. Adding them to parents’ household, adding parents to their households, changing guardianship of children, getting their children married and separated from reproductive family, children have died, and children have become ordained were major structural changes in FHHs. Changes in livelihood activities, decision making, and authority, social and cultural functions could be identified through the study in particularly in economic function and authority of the household to make decisions. Power and authority are attributed in most patriarchal societies to women mainly due to disappearing of male person of the household. Thus, it could identify that this is not a result of mobilization or empowerment and women have no choice other than making decisions on her own household after assuming headship. Most importantly, majority of female heads (98%) have reported that their present living condition is negative after assuming the head of the household when comparing with the past. Many external reasons such as economic burden, struggle to survive, instability and unsustainability of livelihood, responsibilities of children and household, inadequate social security have influenced mainly to the negative responses of FHHs regarding changes after assuming headship of the householdItem Contemporary Situation of Film Marketing Practice in Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Ruwanpathirana, I.Film is an art form which is basically to entertain people through visual storytelling. On the other hand, it’s a business which has been a huge revenue driver in the entertainment industry. However, not all films succeed with high profit margins. Success of a film depends on various functions and Film Marketing is one of them. According to the Film Marketing hand book “any activity that assists a film in reaching its target audience at any time throughout its life” is called as Film Marketing. The main stages of activity in the film industry are development, production, post-production, distribution and exhibition and there is a need to focus on marketing in all of these stages. Despite the very high number of Sri Lankan film halls, audience and film sales are very low. However, a cinema without audience doesn’t make any sense. Having audience is considered as a requirement for prosperity and development of the movie industry. This is where the importance of marketing a movie emerges. The aim of this research was to study the contemporary situation of Film Marketing practice in Sri Lanka. The research was conducted as a systematic inquiry. Secondary data were articulated such as books, research articles, articles on journals, newspapers, web sites and these materials were sufficiently utilized for the analysis. Due to the lack of secondary data related to film marketing practice in Sri Lanka, primary data were collected by interviews. Ten film directors, five film producers and three academics who research on film industry in Sri Lanka were selected using purposive and judgmental sampling technique. The research revealed that though world’s most lucrative film industries (Bollywood, Hollywood) has provided interesting case studies for Film Marketing, many of Sri Lankans even those within the film industry, understand marketing activities as the creation of posters and trailers, advertising and promotional activities in advance of a film’s release. They have no idea about the bigger picture of Film Marketing. On the other hand, many film industry professionals do not regard what they do as marketing, although on a daily basis they are packaging each film and marketing it to a number of peopleItem Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning; Based On Wewala West GN Division(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Perera, P.G.T.N.In present society several severe troubles which arise due to the lack of financial literacy and specially issues regarding retirement life confidence are observed. A very few out of the Sri Lankan population have retirement plans while a majority have a blank idea about it. Several factors can be identified which determine this difference of numbers. According to the previous literature in many countries, financial literacy rate is a considerable factor among other factors which decide whether an individual has a retirement plan or not. Research Problem of this study is to check whether financial literacy rate is a significant factor which determine owning a retirement plan in the Sri Lankan context. In addition, minor objectives of this study are constructing indices for financial literacy and retirement life confidence, identifying the basic demographic factors affecting the financial literacy and retirement life confidence. A sample of 300 households from Wewala West GN division of Colombo District is selected for this research using simple random sampling technique. Household title list of Wewala west GN division is used as the sampling frame and the sample is selected by using Microsoft Excel software. The response rate of this study is 72%. The study only used primary data for research purposes and they were collected through a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire contained basically 3 parts namely demographic data, financial literacy data and retirement planning data. Indices for financial literacy rate and retirement life confidence are constructed using weighted average method. Weight for each component is defined according to the component score coefficient matrix result of confirmatory factor analysis. With the use of these index values, people are categorized into two categories as high and low using the median value of each index. It was identified that gender, household’s monthly income, education level, sector of job and age category have a significant impact on the financial literacy rate while race does not have a significantly effect on financial literacy rate. Education level and age are the most important factors among the identified factors. Household’s monthly income, education level, age, ownership of house and ownership of motor vehicle categories are identified as determinants of retirement life confidence while gender, marital status, race, number of dependents and sector of job does not have a significant effect on retirement life confidence. Monthly income, education level and ownership of the house are the most important factors among the identified factors. Finally, it can be concluded that if someone has good financial literacy rate, such respondent tends to choose a retirement plan. Thus there is a relationship between financial literacy rate and having a retirement planning