Undergraduate Research Conference on Linguistics (URCL)

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An Analysis on Sinhalese Subtitling on the Movie "The Dictator”
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Kaushalya, H.; Wickramasinghe, C.; Gunawardhana, T.
The cinema is a captivating, if complex route to the cultural sphere where it is born, which makes it difficult for the spectators from another lin/,'llistic dimension to grasp the notion behind the screen. This is one ofthe areas in which translators are most visible with their work in subtitling. Subtitling is the bridge that links those two cultural spheres that appear as a textual version of dialogue, in a movie that are usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. It is generally agreed that subtitling via cultures is rather a difficult task. This study is based on the film "The Dictator" by Larry Charles where a dictator who dreams that democracy would never come to his country he so lovingly oppressed. It extends for a time duration of ninety minutes with constant dialogues. A Sinhalese version of subtitling has never been released. When analysed, several factors could be identified as the notion behind this. The biggest problem a translator would encounter during the process of subtitling the movie is the unique language style of the protagonist. He has such an absurd composition that he uses a lot of personal affiictions, swearing and slang from a language combination of Hebrew, Arabic and English. Transferring satire is the other complication a translator may encounter. Satire plays a major role in the movie but the sense of humour bounds with certain dialogues are vastly related to American culture and sexually explicit content that Sri Lankan spectatorship may not be familiarised with. Thus, it is problematic for a translator to utilise the content appropriately. Hence, if advanced with the above complications, the outcome would be unproductive. This results in a loss; partial or complete of the source film's message.
Colonial Period Language Planning in Sri Lanka
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Perera, A.
In linguistically heterogeneous societies, language planning constitutes core institutional practice for maintaining social cohesion as well as unique cultural identities. This study intends to examine the Colonial Period Language Planning in Sri Lanka. The data were collected through official documents, books, journals and thesis such as Colbrooke Cameron Papers, Language Planning by Robert. B. Kaplan etc. The first Europeans to visit Sri Lanka in modem times were the Portuguese who arrived in 1505 and the Dutch who captured Ceylon in 1656. Then the British presence in Sri Lanka began in 1796. The arrival of Europeans was a novel influence on our languages. During those periods Portuguese, Dutch and English were introduced as their official languages and Greek, Latin and Hebrew were included as the languages under the education planning. The colonisation brought European style of education to Sri Lanka, especially to prepare students for positions in the colonial administrations. All official domains were conducted in their official languages. Accordingly, those language policies were introduced to our educational system and to Sinhalese and Tamil languages. As a result, only few people could obtain a proper education and most of the people remained uneducated. Therefore, those language policies caused several social issues. Moreover, Mr. J. R. Jayawardhana introduced a new language planning proposal to change the colonial language planning in 1944. However, that proposal could not be implemented properly. This was a reason for the ethnic problem in Sri Lanka that took place after the independence.
A Comparative Analysis on Cases in Sinhalese and Tamil Languages
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Hearth, H.M.N.D.; Ranathunga, R.A.U.M.; Amarasooriya, Y.W.S.N.
The Sinhalese language which belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and the Tamil language which belongs to the Dravidian language family have been co-existing and interacting in different social situations and contexts for a long time. As pointed out by linguists, a large number of differences as well as similarities can be seen between the two languages. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyse the differences in cases between the two languages. Primary data were collected through self-observation and analysing a given set of sentences translated from Sinhalese into Tamil by students reading translation studies at the University of Kelaniya. The books 'Pe:chchuth Thamilukku Arimuham' and 'Pe:chhuth Thamilum Eluththuth Thamilum' by S. J. Yogaraja and online lessons were used as secondary resources. A case is a form of a noun, adjective or pronoun that expresses a semantic relation of a word to the other words in a sentence. In this study it was observed that the Sinhalese speakers who do not have clear knowledge on the case inflection of the Tamil language find it difficult to write or speak fluently in Tami!. On the other hand, since one case suffix in Tamil represents several suffixes of Sinhalese, various problems occur in translation. Therefore, the failure to identify the differences in cases can result in defective translations. According to above findings, a number of dissimilarities regarding cases can be identified between both languages. Further, it is noteworthy that they cause difficulties in learning Tamil as a second language and translation.
A Comparative Study on the Lexicon of 'The Village in the Jungle' and its Sinhalese Translation 'Beddegama'
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Waththegedaral, P.T.S.S.; Karunathilaka, T.S.; Muthumali, H.P.
Translation is not just a translation of words but it is a creative act of translating the whole idea of source language into target language. The aim of this research is to compare the lexical meanings of Leonard Woolt's 'The Village in the Jungle' which is based on Sinhalese folk life and 'Beddegama' which is translated by A. P. Gunarathna. 'The Village in the Jungle' is also an influential work of Sri Lankan Literature. Data were collected by comparing a selected chapter of the translation with the corresponding chapter of the source text. Dialects, registers, styles, cultural words, discriminative words and slangs are focused on examining the lexical meanings. Through the analysis of the data collected, it can be proved that the colonial administration had been affected to the Sri Lankans who lived in that period and it can be seen through the lexical meanings. The story of the novel "Village in the Jungle" is full of acrimony. Thus, a soothing, delicate lexicon from both the books cannot be expected. Further, semi-civilised villagers and the differences of their attitudes are also affected to the lexical meanings of the books. By this research, it is discovered that the social background of the composed season of these books is immensely affected to the lexical meanings.
A Comparative Study on the Novel "Giraya" by Punyakante Wijenaike and its Sinhalese Translation by Ceryl C. Perera
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Dissanayake, R.; Gunasinghe, M.P.D.
Translation is the process of reproducing the source text in another language. Translations can be mainly categorised as technical and non-technical translations. The Translation of literary texts which belong to the category of non-technical translations, are basically identified as a challenging task mainly because of the difficulties in handling the language. Mostly, these issues arise when translating a text which belongs to a different cultural context. Translating the cultural terms is indeed a challenging task. Nonetheless, if the translation is done in the very same context of the source text, the task of the translator becomes much easier. The aim of the study is to analyse the way that language has been used in the two texts Giraya by Punyakanthe wijenaike and its translation by Cyril C. Perera. Data were collected from the two books Giraya and its translation. Here, the author of the source text has used the original cultural terms which appear in Sinhalese, without translating them into English. Thus, translating the particular source text is easier as the cultural background, cultural terms and the characters belong to the same local context of the target language. Though the translators encounter several complications due to both language and cultural barriers, translations within the same cultural context are less intricate than translations within two different backgrounds.
Corpus Planning Situation of the Sinhalese Language in the Latter Part of the 20th Centu'1'; A Linguistic Study on Word Dividing Rules
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Dissanayake, K.C.M.
Corpus planning is involved with creating standard for a language such as spelling, grammar or creating dictionaries. It is a deliberate effort to influence the structure of the language. This study intends to analyse the word dividing rules of written Sinhalese. Data were collected from the written records published time to time by the government on word dividing rules in the latter part of the 20th century. Communication is the major function of language and the effective communication relies on words. The word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing which may consist of a sound, a combination of sounds, a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes. When there were no word dividing rules, writers, publishers, teachers and students used to divide the words as they desire. It influenced badly on the standard of Sinhalese language. So, some experts in the Sinhalese language decided to introduce some rules for it. As the results of their discussions they decided to implement some acceptable word dividing rules in the written Sinhalese. Then they made some state documents including those rules. Those documents were revised from time to time and new documents were created. The major objective of this study is to comparatively analyse those documents and to forward a new proposal for the word dividing rules.
Cultural Issues Regarding the Translation of Dramatic Texts
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Bandara, W.A.A.I.; Ranasinghe, J.K.D.P.; de Silva, T.P.M.
A drama is a composition in verse or phrase intended to portray life or character or to tell a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through actions and dialogues. A drama is typically designed for theoretical performances. The written version of a drama is known as the script or the dramatic text and converting this text into a different language is known as the translation of dramatic texts. The objective of this research is to find out the manner that culture influences the translation of dramatic texts and the strategies that can be used to overcome the challenges that rise during the process. "The Caucassian Chalk Circle" by Bertolt Bretcht and its Sinhalese translation "Hunu Vataye kathawa" by Henry Jayasena are used as primary sources and data were collected by comparing the two texts. The cultural data of the source text and its translation were categorised according to several topics namely religious terms, political views, class distinction, food and beverages, life style, parlance, and clothing items. Accordingly, it was discovered that cultural words appearing in the source text can be entirely different from those of the target culture. Therefore, having sufficient knowledge regarding both cultural backgrounds are vital in order to overcome the problems encountered in translating. Further, it was identified that methods such as borrowing, use of cultural equivalents creation, reconstruction are among the methods used by dramatic text translators in addition to direct translation method. Thus, for a successful dramatic text translation in which the target readers are allowed to ascertain an unknown culture effectively, having adequate knowledge in both source language and target language along with their respective cultures is important for a translator. Both primary and secondary data were collected by referring to subject related books and Google websites.
The Difficulties Related to Cases Encountered by Sinhalese Native Speakers in Learning Tamil as a Second Language
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Yomali, G.; Dissananyake, S.; Jayathissa, H.
Many Sinhalese native speakers learn Tamil as a second language. However speakers of Sinhalese language often make mistakes while learning Tamil. The aim of the research is to bring into discussion the problem faced by Sinhalese native speaker in learning Tamil in relation to the differences in cases. Case is special grammatical category whose value reflect the grammatical functions performed by noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause or sentence. Data were collected by analysing Tamil-Sinhalese translation carried out by second year students of university of Kelaniya reading translation. Further Tamil Grammar books were used as in order to gather further data. Speakers of Sinhalese language often make mistakes while learning Tamil especially on Dative marker, Referential ease marker, instrumental case marker and Sociative case marker etc. The Dative case marker is "ukku", in spoken Tamil where as in in Sinhalese it is "ta". The Referential ease marker is "ittei", in spoken Tamil where as in in Sinhalese it is "laga, gen". The Sociative case marker is "oodei", in spoken Tarnil where as in in Sinhalese it is "ekka". The instrumental case marker is "aalei", in spoken Tamil where as in in Sinhalese it is "gen, ta". Those cases are not corresponding in Tamil and Sinhalese languages. Therefore it will be difficult to learn Tamil as a second language. To overcome this problem it will explain the similarities and the differences between these two languages. Native speakers don't have profound knowledge about case inflexion fail to speak the language fluently. Therefore cases should be inquired and improving knowledge thorough this. It is observed that it would help to understand the difficulties that Sinhalese students face while forming a Tamil sentence.
Diglossic Situation in Sri Lankan Novels: A Study Based on Lexicon Used in 'Madol Doova' by Martin Wickramasinghe
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Senarathnal, S.M.I.R.
Diglossia is the use of two varieties, namely High (H) and Low (L) of a language in a single speech community is wide-spread. (H) is usually the written variety whereas (L) is the spoken variety. In linguistics, lexicon is considered to be the language's inventory of lexemes. This includes information about the appropriate usage of words and phrases. As Sinhalese language is a diglossic language Sri Lankan novelists have to use it in novels. "Madol Doova" is one of the Sri Lankan novels in which this diglossic situation is used. The aim of this research is to reveal that both High and Low varieties of Sinhalese language are used in Sri Lankan novels and this study based on the lexicon used in the novel "Madol Doova" by Martin Wickramasinghe. As the methodology, data were collected by referring "Madol Doova" and other subject related sources. When considering lexicon used in the novel it shows that low variety is used in dialogues and high variety is used in narrative. In that sense it is apparent that both (H) and (L) varieties of the Sinhalese language are used in Sri Lankan novels. Moreover it enlightens (L) the spoken language is also used in written form. This has significantly affected the quality of Sri Lankan novels. This will be a theoretical study which is mostly based on linguistics factors.
Dubbing: Responses of the Sri Lankan Audience to Dubbing Foreign Movies! TV Series! Cartoons into Sinhalese
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Keerthiwansha, N.W.B.S.; Alwis, N.
It is generally believed that dubbing foreign movies into Sinhalese helps to bring the audience closer to enjoy stories that are not very familiar to the Sri Lankan background. It is considered as the most suitable method of translating foreign. language programmes into the audience's language. When dubbing is conducted from one language to another language, several changes may occur. For instance, changes of character names, place names and style oflanguage may occur, while expressions familiar to that particular community may be added to the dubbing to make the programme more appealing to the audience. In addition, language style may change depending on the age of the target audience. However, there are certain individuals who do not prefer Sinhalese dubbed programs. Meanwhile, there are some cases that several individuals prefer the Sinhalese dubbed version of the original programme after watching it, whereas, some individuals still prefer the original version over the Sinhalese dubbed version. Thus, the research in particular, attempts to record the responses to dubbing from the Sri Lankan audience, who have watched both the original version and the Sinhalese dubbed version of the particular programmes. The original and the Sinhalese dubbed versions of several programmes are to be studied and the differences between the two are to be recorded. In addition, a questionnaire is to be distributed to record their attitudes regarding dubbing programs into Sinhalese and the differences they have noted between the original version and the Sinhalese dubbed version. The questionnaire also records their personal preferences along with reasons for their choice. Moreover, the questionnaire focuses on the differences the participants saw when they watched both original and the Sinhalese dubbed version. Several suggestions to improve the quality of dubbing are to be made depending on the responses of the participants. This will allow the dubbing industry to conduct more effective dubbing process to produce Sinhalese dubbed programs which are more appealing to the target audience.
Effectiveness of the Use of Dialects in Literary Translation (With Special Reference to the Sinhalese Translation of Earnest Hemingway's "Old Man and the Sea")
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Shavoni, D.P.N.; de Alwis, K.K.L.
Dialects play an indispensable role in an effective translation. A dialect is a form of a language unique to a particular region or a social group. These social dialects spawn according to the social boundaries like profession ethnicity, race, religion or even gender and age, whereas regional dialects occur in relation to the physical barriers like geographical boundaries. In Sri Lanka several regional and social dialects are found to be in existence. Being an island, Sri Lankan coastal communities withhold a unique form of fishermen dialect based upon their lifestyle in the coastal areas. To present a successful literary translation to the readership it is a necessary skill for any translator to have knowledge of the cultural background of both SL and TL. The purpose of this study is to identify the effectiveness of using such knowledge of fishermen dialect in Sri Lanka with reference to the Sinhalese translation of Ernest Hemingway's "Old Man and the Sea". The terms related to the fishery industry were selected and analysed by comparing them to the terms in the original text. It was found that the use of fishermen dialect has contributed towards giving an authentic reading to the target readership. Further, this translation proved to be rather a remake of the original text than a word to word translation. Therefore, translators need an indepth knowledge of the cultural elements in both SL and TL. An understanding about dialects and their effective use will therefore be of utmost importance to the success of a literary translation.
The Effects of Television Cartoons on Language Change and Behaviour of Children
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Madushani, K.A.S.
The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of television cartoons on language change and behaviour of children. The research problem is given as "how do these cartoons affect our child language and their behaviour?" Television cartoons are the most popular kids programme amongst kindergarten and school children. Children watch long hours of television every day. Today watching these cartoons have become one of the daily habits of our children. Children use the words which are used in cartoons in their day today life situations. Sometimes these words are not suitable for small children and they even do not know the meaning of them. Accordingly, we can notice that these words which appear in cartoons are also used in children's vocabulary and they change their language and behaviour from them. The aim of this research is to comparatively analyses how cartoons influence child language of different ages. Data are collected by interviewing children of different ages. The secondary data are gathered from books, magazines and interne!. How does this experience affect our children language and behaviour of children? Does it have positive or negative effects? What type of concepts are given to our kids from cartoons? Are all cartoons trustable or should parents pay attention to them? How do cartoons influence on language change and behaviour of children? These questions will be answered through this experimental research.
First Language Interference in the Usage of English as the Second Language in Sri Lanka
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) de Silva, P.M.
The English Language is considered as the second language in Sri Lanka and it plays the role of the linking language as well . Therefore, Sri Lankan citizens give a priority to learn English well .Though Sri Lankan English learners are good at writing English, sometimes when they speak English, they use the Sinhalese structure involuntarily .Not only in speaking, but in writing as well, some people use the Sinhalese structure When Sinhalese .people speak in English, their speech differs fromthat of native speakersbecause of the mother .tongue interference Not only through borrowing English words, but also in the manner that sh sentencesEngliare made by the Sinhalese who arewell educated inEnglish , the interference is notably high. Hence the research focuses on exploring first language interference in the usage of English as the second language in Sri Lanka. The research was conducted by interviewing Sri Lankans who learn English as a second Language .Secondary data were gathered from books and internet .The sentence structure in English is completely different from the sentence structure in Sinhalese and through this study, problems which arise through differences in language structures and their influence on learning English Language are discussed. Thus, this research draws attention towards the ways in which mother tongue interfere in the usage of English Language as the second language in Sri Lanka.
The Impact of Sinhalese on Muslim Tamil: A Study Based on the Muslims of Atulugama Area
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Hettihewa, A.S.
Language mixing is a common linguistic phenomenon practiced in bilingual or multilingual contexts. People who live in a bilingual or multilingual communication environment usually have a tendency to use two or more codes while communicating with each other. Most of the Sri Lankan Muslims are native speakers of Tamil Language. This study explores the way of using Sinhalese and Tamil mixed codes by Muslims and the sociolinguistic factors in relation to the cause. The selected sample, to carry out this empirical research was collected from Muslims in Atulugama area. The data presented in this paper were collected through observations, questionnaires, personal interviews, recordings and analysed descriptively. These people use Sinhalese words and word phrases even when equivalents exist in Tamit. They tend to borrow lexical items from Sinhalese when speaking in their mother tongue. For example: prehiccd kata: solld Wdna:m, ahamdQ. maldgeddrd PO:lJgd, na:n mahageddrdkku po:rdn. So the structure of their own language has changed. It is obvious that there is an impact of the Sinhalese Language on Muslim Tamit. The study provides insight into the mixing strategies used by Muslims, and this research will be benefited to sociolinguists, and for further research on language studies.
The Impact of Tamil Lexicon on the Sinhalese Language
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Bandara, H.M.S.M.; Pathmasiri, P.S.S.; de Silva, Y.G.H.S.
Sinhalese and Tamillanguages are used as official languages in Sri Lanka. It is apparent that both these languages have had a great amount of influence on each other. Linguistics borrowing into both languages can be identified as a phoneme for this constant influence. This research discusses the usage ofTamilloan words in Sinhalese language. Data were compiled by observing the speech of Sinhalese native speakers and written documents. According to the findings of this study, it was found out that some of these Tamil loan words have replaced their corresponding Sinhalese words. Further, it is pointed out that in addition to be borrowed, some Tamil words have come to Sinhalese as derived words. According to it is discovered that a great number of Tamil borrowings are used in the Sinhalese language and their origin may not be apparent.
The Importance of Television in Order to Improve English as a Second Language among Children
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Peiris, T.G.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether the television channels can make sensible influence in improving the English knowledge among the children in the country. Fluency in a second language is of course not an easy task, but not an impossible task as well. Teaching methodologies and techniques need to be modernised and lacking of such will cause the difficulty in improving the task. Further the starting age of studies is also a reason for the issue and those two reasons have become the significant reason for the drawback of the second language among the children. According to the recent researches, it is found that language proficiency of a child is highly improved between the ages of2-4 years and therefore, it is possible to teach both mother tongue and the second language to the child during that age, the proficiency of both languages could be optimised. This study concern the possibility of doing such improvement assuming that television channel could be done the same in successful manner. But unfortunately still such influencing study channel is not being performed in Sri Lanka. But, such channels are very popular in most of the countries and those international charmels are being telecasting in locally too. The expected progress oflanguage proficiency could be compare with the children who do follow such channels and who do not follow the charmels. Further, they could be interview and also could be observed the day to day activities usage of vocabulary and the way of communication among them in order to compare with the progress. The final objective is the proficiency or improvement of children in commanding the second language among themselves through television charmel.
Institutional Language Planning Situation of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya: A Case Study
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Samaraweera, O.G.E.N.T.
Language planning is the deliberate, systematic and theory-based attempt to solve the communication problems of a community by selecting an official language and standardising its structure. Even though language planning is generally a national programme undertaken by a government, observations have been made of institutional language planning situations concerned with the internal language policy of individual institutes. This study intends to examine the nature of the institutional language planning situation of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya. Out of the six faculties of the university three faculties, namely Medicine, Science and Cornmerce & Management Studies employ English as the sole medium of instruction. The other three faculties, namely Humanities, Social Sciences and Graduate Studies employ a bilingual policy of both Sinhalese and English languages as media of instruction. The Faculty of Humanities, which is the subject of investigation of the present study, is consist of ten departments. The Department of Buddhist and Pali Studies conducts lectures in both Sinhalese and English. The Department of English, conducts lectures only in English, while the English Teaching Unit conducts lectures in both Sinhalese and English. Yet, it is mandatory for students to offer exams in English. Five other departments, namely the Department of Sinhala, the Department of Sanskrit, the Department of Linguistics, the Department of Western Classical Culture, and the Department of Fine Arts conduct lectures only in Sinhalese. The Department of Hindi keeps to a trilingual policy conducting lectures in Sinhalese, English and Hindi. The Department of Modem Languages conducts lectures mostly in the respective languages taught, but the Sinhalese and English languages are also employed where necessary. All these departments except the Department of Sinhala allow undergraduates offer exams in English on request. From this brief study it is evident that the language policy of.the faculty is not uniform and depends vehemently on the subjects taught in each of the departments.
Issues Faced by the Third Year Undergraduate Students in Practicing Interpretation for Translation Methods
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Keerthiwansha, N.W.B.S.
Interpretation is the process of converting an expression delivered in source language into a comparable meaning in a target language either simultaneously in real time or consecutively when the speaker pauses after completing one or two sentences. "Interpretation" is a compulsory subject unit for the third year undergraduates who are reading translation methods in university of Kelaniya Sri Lanka. The unit is being taught for two semesters and the skill of interpretation is tested by a practical session. It covers Sinhalese to English interpretation and vice versa, and the lecture hours cover the theory components and conduct practice sessions by interpreting the Hansard reports. By this study, it was expected to find out the most prominent issues encountered by the undergraduates practicing interpretation. Therefore, a questionnaire was provided to the third year undergraduates who are currently studying interpretation to make a list of issues according to the responses recorded on the questionnaire. Meanwhile, five undergraduate students studying interpretation were interviewed to record their individual issues and they were given few sentences to interpret to identify the issues they face when interpreting these particular sentences. The results indicated that for many undergraduate students, it is difficult to interpret a long and complex statement with speed, while, some have expressed certain difficulties in interpreting technical words, and several students have mentioned difficulty in memorising complex sentences. Significantly, the different sentence structure between Sinhalese and English has created several confusions when interpreting complex sentences. Moreover, homonyms seem to confuse them when a sentence with the same word with different contextual meanings is given to interpret. As a consequence, students tend to have a lesser interest in choosing interpretation as their career path. Thus, possible suggestions were made for the identified issues to assist the students to practice interpretation more effectively and increase the number of students who are interested in becoming interpreters in the futUre.
Issues of Subtitling Faced by the Translator and the Audience
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Jayasinghe, S.; Egodage, W.
Subtitling is a prevalent method used to translate foreign dialogues of a movie or television program to be usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. Viewers are generally well motivated to understand what is shown and said on television and cinema. Subtitled television programs seem to constitute a rich context for foreign language acquisition and it can raise awareness and provide motivation for language learning, in both formal and informal contexts, and consequently contributes to creating an environment that encourages multilingual ism. However, language and culture are closely interrelated. In subtitling, as in all forms of interlingual transfer, this may cause problems in rendering culturespecific or language-specific elements. This research provides a descriptive analysis of the issues of subtitling based on three questions: What are the problematic circumstances faced by children, old viewers and the deaf? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method? Which skills do viewers acquire by the use of this adaptation method? The information was collected by referring to web articles. The responses made to these questions are based on the results of this research on the issues of subtitling. The results listed down by former researches on these issues of subtitling are its fast pace of subtitles as complained by young and old viewers, continuous integration with regards to its limited processing capacity, and the issues related to the part of the screen of which the subtitles are placed. Moreover, further investigations have not been done to figure out the problems encountered by viewers, but this seems likely because they apparently do not grasp to the fullest from the information provided in the subtitles. There would be an increase in the number of co-productions of television programmes and the future introduction of digital television broadcasts with globalisation. Consequently, the use of language adaptation, specifically subtitling, will therefore undoubtedly improve gradually. Abundant opportunities would be provided for those engaged in the field as a result.
The Lack of Corpus Planning in the Language Policy of Multilingual South Africa
(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Jayawardhana, J.M.W.H.; Dhaneshika, K.M.
Language planning is deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of languages or language variety within a speech community. The purpose of the paper to examine the language planning situation in South Africa, where language has been used in both status and corpus planning as an instrument in the periods of colonialism to apartheid to democracy. Data for the research are collected by using articles in Google web sites, academic researches regarding the language policy of South Africa. This research mainly focuses the following points such as; background and languages of South Africa, how is the language planning implemented in the case of South Africa and how does the country face to challenge of selecting an official language with the effects at multilingualism. South Africa offers particularly interesting context to explore language shift in the post- apartheid era, II languages have been granted official status in South Africa. The problem discusses here is the need of well organised status planning which ensured with properly developed corpus planning. In conclusion, the discourse used in the policy reflects conflicting ideologies emanating from the history of this country and illuminates the politics that led to the formation of a democratic state in South Africa. Consideration of multilingualism in language discussion that led to the formation of current language policy. Corpus planning will address a need for local and global as a solution to challenge of global technology and modernisation. Creating language teaching resources is one ofthe major step in corpus planning, language planning development and policy implementation. Therefore through this paper it highlights that even though the status planning of South Africa shows successful features it has a shortage of well- planned corpus planning.