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Item Optimizing the conditions for the production of extracellular amylases under solid state fermentation using groundnut shell as the substrate(4th International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Kumarage, C. A.,; Weerasooriya, M. K. B.Amylases are a group of hydrolase enzymes, which hydrolyse starch molecules into simple sugars. Amylase can be extracted from molds, which are capable of producing high amounts of amylase. Aspergillus niger is used more frequently in the commercial production of α- Amylase. Groundnut shell is one main by-product of the groundnut processing factories. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is considered more useful in industries as the extraction procedures are cheaper. Optimization of various parameters and manipulation of media are one of the most important techniques used for the production of enzymes in large quantities to meet industrial demands. Specific objective of the research is to optimize the culture conditions for the A. niger niger under solid state fermentation using ground nut shell as the carbon source. Parameters used to optimize the Amylase production are the effect of mineral salt media, mixed culture inoculation of A. niger and S. cerevisiae, effect of surfactants Tween 80 and Tween 20, effect of different pH values ranging from pH 4.0 to 7.0 and effect of changing concentration of carbon source. From the results from samples with and without mineral salt media, clearly indicate that enzyme activity is high in the samples with mineral salt media 28.736 U/mL. The Amylase activity of the sample with mixed culture of A. niger and S. cerevisiae together, is 38.070 U/mL. The highest enzyme activity of 42.300 U/mL, was shown with Tween 80. Maximum Amylase activity 41.540 U/mL was found at pH 5.5. Carbon source concentration for SSF was measured as the mass per volume. Optimum carbon source for SSF for the maximum amylase activity 49.413 U/mL on 5th day was found to be 40% by mass per volume of mineral salt solution (8 g per 20 mL). Final analysis shows that the maximum activity of alpha amylase was recorded at day 4, pH 5.5, in the presence of Tween 80 and with the simultaneous inoculation of A. niger and S. cerevisiae for 2 g of carbon source. The net yield of optimized culture is 49.401 U/mL and non-optimized culture is 30.215 U/mL.Item Production of extracellular amylase under solid state fermentation using ground nut shell as the substrate and its application in textile and baking industry.(International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, 2017 Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Apeksha, I.A.U.; Weerasooriya, M.K.B.Amylases find potential applications in a number of industrial processes such as food, detergent, textiles, brewing and paper industries. Though Amylase can be obtained from several sources, use of microorganisms meet the industrial requirements as it is economical and easy to manipulate microbes to obtain enzymes of desired characteristics. Several methods such as submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation have been successfully used for amylase production. As the contents of synthetic medium used for amylase production are very expensive, replacing them with available agricultural and industrial wastes would be economically advantageous. Hence, in this study amylase was produced by Aspergillus niger (obtained from the culture collection of Department of Microbiology, University of Kelaniya) under solid state fermentation using dried ground nut shell powder as the carbon source and its potential for using in baking and textile industries were evaluated. Culture conditions were optimised to get maximum amylase production by varying parameters such as incubation period, pH and substrate: moisture ratio. Culture media was supplemented with additional nitrogen source such as Gelatine, (NH4)2SO4, Urea and NH4Cl and amylase production was monitored. Cultures were grown at large scale under optimised conditions. At day 6 mycelia were filtered and culture filtrate was fractionated with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium sulphate fraction (50-75%) which had the highest amylase activity was dialysed and its suitability to use in baking and textile industry was investigated. Bakery products were prepared using the wheat flour dough treated with different volumes of amylase (2.5, 3.00. 3.5, 4.00 and 4.5 ml) and quality of the products were evaluated. To test the possibility of the enzyme produced for use as a desizing agent, gray cotton fabric were immersed (1.5 x 1.5 inch fabric pieces) in pH 5.5 buffer solution supplemented with 500 μl (3.69 U ml-1) and 300 μl (3.69 U ml-1) enzyme respectively. Removal of starch from gray cotton fabric and concomitant release of glucose due to starch hydrolysis was monitored at different time intervals. The optimum incubation period, pH and substrate: moisture ratio for maximum enzyme production were found as day 6, 5.5 and 1:5 respectively. Gelatin and urea addition enhanced amylase production whereas (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl showed no significant contribution on the amylase production. Quality of the bakery products such as volume of the product, crust colour and crumb structure were improved with increasing amounts of amylase. Staling was retarded in the samples treated with 4.00 and 4.5 ml amylase with respect to the control. Gray cotton fabric treated with amylase revealed that removal of starch of the fabric and concomitant release of glucose due to starch hydrolysis increases linearly with the increasing time and reached the maximum by 2 hrs. Yield of the enzyme production was ~ 5740 units/g. All these findings suggested that amylase produced by solid state fermentation using ground nut shell as a substrate can be successfully used to improve the quality of bakery products and as an anti-staling agent in baking industry and as a desizing agent in textile industry.