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Item Hypoglycemic and Anti‑lipidemic Properties of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (“Sri Wijaya” Accession) Water‑soluble Nutraceutical in Streptozotocin‑induced Diabetic and Healthy Wistar Rats(Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2021) Jayawardena, B.; Madushika Wariyapperuma, W.N.; Thammitiyagodage, M.; Karunakaran, R.; Sisira Kumara, W.S.Background: Hyperglycemia is a serious health crisis worldwide, and more than 90% of the Sri Lankan patients effected with the condition have diabetes mellitus type 2. Natural therapeutic agents can manage the progression of the disease. Objectives: To investigate the hypoglycemic and antilipidemic effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (“Sri Wijaya” accession) water‑soluble nutraceuticals in diabetic‑induced and healthy Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The diabetic and nondiabetic Wistar rats were treated with Cinnamon pressured water, Cinnamon decoction, pretreated pressured water Cinnamon extract for 1 month. The results were compared with the group treated with the positive control, Acarbose untreated normal group. Blood glucose and other biochemical parameters were estimated using commercial test kits. Results: There was a significant difference in the fasting serum glucose, food consumption, and water consumption in rats with induced diabetes. The total cholesterol level was significantly decreased in the normal groups treated with Cinnamon extracts, compared with the untreated groups. There was a significant increase in high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the normal group treated with pressured water Cinnamon extract and decoction when compared with the Acarbose‑treated diabetic group. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly higher in the diabetic group treated with Acarbose than in all Cinnamon‑treated groups. However, no significant difference was shown in normal rat groups for aspartate aminotransferase and ALT. Conclusion: Cinnamon nutraceuticals have the potential to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. Cinnamon extracts may inhibit α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase enzymes in rat pancreatic tissues.Item Yoga-based Lifestyle Intervention for Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications: A Clinical Research Review(Indian Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 2020) Dewangani, H. N.; Jayawardena, B.; Wijayagunarathne, H. S. P.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health challenge in the 21st century. Prevention and management of this metabolic disease could be achieved by healthy lifestyle interventions. Yoga is one such lifestyle intervention practice that has been identified and proved its beneficial effects on T2DM through several studies. The purpose of this comprehensive review was to assess the available evidence from both short-term and long-term studies regarding the beneficial effects of yoga intervention on adult patients with T2DM and the significant impact on diabetes-related risk indices. According to the evidence of past literature used for this review, yoga plays a significant role in the prevention and management of T2DM through the improvement of weight, blood pressure, glycemic parameters, lipid profile, and oxidative stress. Side effects or complications due to yogic practices have not been mentioned up to date in any study conducted. To conclude, most of the findings suggest that yoga may play a vital role in the prevention and management of T2DM, but the lack of standard research studies performed in a diverse population is a big barrier to make evidence-based conclusions. Additional high-quality, long-term investigations should be performed in diverse populations to evaluate the effectiveness of yoga in the prevention and management of T2DM and its complications.Item Blockchain-based distributed reputation model for ensuring trust in mobile adhoc networks(Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2020) Peiris, P.P.C.; Rajapakse, Chathura; Jayawardena, B.Mobile ad-hoc networks also known as MANETs have been in global use for numerous applications which are not possible with fixed network topologies. The distributed operation and dynamic topology have encouraged MANETs to be applied for establishing communication in unstable environments. MANET's dynamic topology and mobility have been very advantageous in the fields of military and disaster management. These dynamic characteristics of a MANET also create a major challenge in managing trust between the mobile nodes. Managing the trustworthiness of information that a node provides to the rest of the MANET is very crucial as misinformation spread can lead to erroneous decision making. Although previous studies have been carried out on trust management in MANETs using price-based and reputation systems, the potential of a globally distributed system has not been utilized practically. Therefore, these systems address the trust management issue within a boundary of a single MANET. Above mentioned systems should be re-evaluated when a node from another MANET joins a new MANET as the reputations of the node in the previous MANET cannot be imported to the new MANET. Lack of a possible solution for this gap may result in misinformation spreading by a malicious node before other nodes determine its reputation, which could be very dangerous in sensitive environments. Therefore, a globally distributed reputation model is a timely need in mobile ad-hoc networking. Blockchain technology is one of the most suitable technologies in present for its immutable and distributed properties to build robust systems. Blockchain is a distributed ledger, that has the ability to store feedback from mobile nodes about the accuracy of information provided by other nodes. A trust factor for each node can be calculated using these feedbacks. A mobile node can then decide whether to trust information, based on nodes’ trust factors. Adopting a development-oriented research methodology, a blockchain based reputation model prototype has been implemented and validated within the study.Item Fungal pretreatment to enhance the yield ofphytochemicals and evaluation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition using Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.)quills pressurized water extracts(Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2020) Wariyapperuma, W.A.N. Madushika; Kannangara, S.; Wijayasinghe, Y.S.; Subramanium, S.; Jayawardena, B.Bioactive compounds entrapped in plant materials can be effectively recovered using fungal enzymes. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Sri Wijaya (SW) and Sri Gemunu (SG) accessions and commercially available C. zeylanicum (CC) were subjected to fungal pretreatment and extracted with pressured water (PWE, 0 098 MPa). Thirteen fungal species were isolated and the substrate utilization ability of the species was tested using cellulose, pectin and lignin (indirectly). Total phenolic content (TPC, Folin–Ciocalteu method), proanthocyanidin content (PC, vanillin method) and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of the extracts were evaluated. The anti-diabetic drug, Acarbose was used as the positive control. Trichoderma harzianum (MH298760) showed the highest cell lysis ability and hence was used for the microbial pretreatment process. Extracts of SW treated with T. harzianum species (Pre-SW) gave the highest percentage yield (4 08% 0 15%), significantly potent inhibition (P < 0 05) of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities (IC50 57 8 and 36 8 μg ml−1 respectively), TPC (2 24 0 02 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1), and PC (48 2 0 4 mg of catechin equivalent g−1) compared to Pre-SG, Pre- CC and nontreated samples. Trichoderma harzianum treatment can enhance the hypoglycaemic properties, PC and TPC of Cinnamon extracts and provide new insights into the recovery of phytochemicals.Item Nutritional quality of Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata, AAA) as affected by basil oil and determination of basil oil residues by GC-MS(Journal of Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Siriwardana, H.; Abeywickrama, K.; Kannangara, S.; Jayawardena, B.The effectiveness of basil oil on the nutritional properties of Cavendish banana and chemical composition of basil oil and oil residue levels of treated banana fruits were evaluated in this study. Cavendish banana hands were treated with 1% alum (w/v), 1% alum (w/v) + 0.4% Ocimum basilicum (basil) oil, distilled water (control) and packaged in Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) bags and stored at a cold room at 12-14ºC. After two weeks of cold storage banana were induced ripened and nutritional contents of treated Cavendish banana were determined. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was instrumental in identifying the chemical constituents of basil oil as well as residues in basil oil treated Cavendish banana peel after two weeks of storage at 12-14ºC.Item Developing an efficient extraction method for Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) bark; to develop an antidiabetic nutraceutical(4th International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Dilhari, R. K. H. M.; Jayawardena, B.Diabetes is a common global disease. It causes mortality and morbidity. Therefore, many synthetic drugs have been introduced. Most of them are alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitors. But, they cause many side effects. Accordingly, modern researches are focused on plants based bioactive compounds which can inhibit alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes. Cinnamomum zeylanicum is a potential candidate for antidiabetes agent. This research is focused on experimental evaluation of different extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum which is suitable for human consumption. Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark was extracted using water at three different temperatures (room temperature, 40 ̊C and 90 ̊C) and using ethyl acetate at room temperature. Alpha amylase inhibitory activities of these extracts were determined by a previously described method. Bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins and cinnamaldehyde) in the extracts were evaluated and correlated with the alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Effect of extraction time duration on efficiency of water extract at room temperature was studied. IC50 values (concentration of inhibitor that is required for 50% inhibition of enzyme) of three different extracts were determined using alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Water extract at 40 ̊C temperature had the lowest IC50 value for alpha amylase (0.301±0.238 mg/mL) followed by highest phenolic content (50.3±0.827 mg GAE/g) and highest proanthocyanidin content (19.0±0.665 mg/g). IC50 values for alpha amylase of three different extracts decreased with the increment of phenolic and proanthocyanidin content of extracts. Water extract at room temperature showed same changing pattern for proanthocyanidin content, phenolic content and alpha amylase inhibition activity with extraction time. Initially inhibitory activity and amount of bioactive compounds were increased and after three hours they were decreased. Ethyl acetate extract had highest cinnamaldehyde content and cinnamaldehyde content in water extract at room temperature decreased with time. Water extract at 40 ̊C temperature was the most efficient extraction method among three different extraction methods as it showed the highest alpha amylase inhibitory activity followed by highest phenol and proanthocyanidin contentItem Nutritional quality of Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata, AAA) as affected by basil oil and determination of basil oil residues by GC-MS.(Journal of Science 2019, Department of Botany, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Siriwardana, H.; Abeywickrama, K.; Kannangara, S.; Jayawardena, B.The effectiveness of basil oil on the nutritional properties of Cavendish banana and chemical composition of basil oil and oil residue levels of treated banana fruits were evaluated in this study. Cavendish banana hands were treated with 1% alum (w/v), 1% alum (w/v) + 0.4% Ocimum basilicum (basil) oil, distilled water (control) and packaged in Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) bags and stored at a cold room at 12-14ºC. After two weeks of cold storage banana were induced ripened and nutritional contents of treated Cavendish banana were determined. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was instrumental in identifying the chemical constituents of basil oil as well as residues in basil oil treated Cavendish banana peel after two weeks of storage at 12-14ºC.1 Nutritional properties of basil oil treated Cavendish banana showed no adverse changes compared to control. Methyl chavicol (estragole) was the most abundant component (74.44%) of basil oil followed by linalool (15.01%). GC-MS data revealed that negligible amount of residues of basil oil retained in treated Cavendish banana after 14 days. Basil oil treatment and subsequent modified atmosphere packaging of Cavendish banana is recommended as an ecofriendly strategy for air freight or long distance transport over land.Item A method to determine user location distribution pattern in a Wi-Fi network through SNMP protocol(Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, 2018 Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Abeysekara, A. M. R. B.; Jayawardena, B.; Wijayasiriwardhane, T. K.In today’s connected world, the biggest challenge that a network manager encounters is the allocation of the bandwidth within the network in response to the user requests to increase it in different areas of the network. However, due to the limited bandwidth provided by the service provider, in most of the situations, the network manager would not be in a position to increase the bandwidth as much as the users’ request. This is because to increase the bandwidth in a particular area, it requires to decrease the bandwidth in some other area in the network in order to maintain a maximum utilization of the provided bandwidth in the entire network. On the other hand, in every network there is a pattern of user location distribution. As a result, some areas in the network require more bandwidth during a certain period of time due to the more users located in that area during that period of time whilst the other areas may not need that much of bandwidth due to the lesser number of users located. Therefore, if the pattern of user location distribution of a network can be determined, the network manager can dynamically allocate a different amount of bandwidth to the different areas of the network accordingly. In this research, we propose a novel method to determine the user location distribution data in a Wi-Fi network using Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP protocol) and thereby to identify any pattern of user location distribution against the time. In our method is, first we get the information such as MAC addresses, IP Addresses using SNMP protocol from the routers in the network. From that information, we then get the location distribution of the users based on the router’s location. We use that information to do pattern analysis and the location distribution pattern against the time is then determined. Our aim is to provide a more rational approach for network managers to allocate different amounts of bandwidth to different areas in their network while maintaining a maximum utilization of the provided bandwidth in the entire network.Item Applicability of Bluetooth routing ad-hoc networks for efficient communication.(International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, 2017 Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Jayawardena, B.In the age of Internet of Things, we expect devices other than computers to communicate with similar or different types of devices. These devices have to be designed in a specific way to communicate and achieve a predefined set of objectives. Hence, the devices need to be aware of with whom they should communicate and what, with what infrastructure and operational environments such as cars, door-locks, refrigerators, health information devices which could create intelligent systems that communicate over the Internet with information/computer systems. On the road, cars may move in a lane one after the other, swiftly engaging in lane changes, slowing down through intersections, accelerating when required, turning left and right after each block. If these vehicles can continuously communicate with each other to exchange status updates on its movement and drivers’ actions, smooth operation of vehicles on roads could become a reality. Cars need to know who is behind them, front of them, and passing them, in order to send messages forward, backward or around each one of them. The study describes two instances (event of braking and road condition of a location) where cars communicate depending on information collected through ad-hoc networks, built upon sharing critical information and a selection of topologies and protocols depending on the objective of the network. The study proposes Bluetooth routing ad-hoc network to provide conceptual framework for dynamic ad-hoc networks where a set of devices can quickly form in a network based on their relative position, continue to maintain the network as new nodes join and leave, and disband once the objective of the network is accomplished. Specialty of this situation is that each node should know who are directly nearby or next to them, and from which direction, in order to communicate specific messages, and when required, a node should be able to reach a group of nodes in a given direction, but out of direct communication range, through intermediary nodes that route communications. A signal such as Wi-Fi would reach longer distance than Bluetooth, confusing this critical discovery process by reaching irrelevant devices faraway. Currently, this area has not been studied specifically. Concept was validated by having a group of devices arranged in a line, being able to discover each other, communicate with each other based on their relative physical positon in the group, and pass simple messages between them. Bluetooth communication uses low power radio signals in a limited range, compared to strong Wi-Fi signals that travel longer distances. Bluetooth ad-hoc routing networks can handle discovery and peer negotiations efficiently and even let stronger, long-distanced Wi-Fi signals make communication between the nodes where required, based on the established Bluetooth ad-hoc network.Item Fungicidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr et LM Perry against crown rot and anthracnose pathogens isolated from banana(Blackwell Science Ltd., 2002) Ranasinghe, L.; Jayawardena, B.; Abeywickrama, K.Aims: To develop a post-harvest treatment system against post-harvest fungal pathogens of banana using natural products. Methods and Results:Colletotrichum musae was isolated and identified as the causative agent responsible for anthracnose peel blemishes while three fungi, namely Lasiodiplodia theobromae, C. musae and Fusarium proliferatum, were identified as causative agents responsible for crown rot. During the liquid bioassay, cinnamon [Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.)] leaf, bark and clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.)] oils were tested against the anthracnose and crown rot pathogens. The test oils were fungistatic and fungicidal against the test pathogens within a range of 0·03−0·11% (v/v). Conclusions: Cinnamon and clove essential oils could be used as antifungal agents to manage post harvest fungal diseases of banana. Significance and Impact of the Study: Cinnamon and clove essential oil could be used as alternative post-harvest treatments on banana. Banana treated with essential oil is chemically safe and acceptable to consumers. Benomyl (Benlate), which is currently used to manage fungal pathogens, can cause adverse health effects and could be replaced with volatile essential oils.