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Item Variability of phytoplankton primary productivity during three El Niño events in the Mindanao Dome, Western Pacific Ocean.(International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, 2017 Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Hettiarachchi, A.I.; Hsin, Y.C.The Mindanao Dome is a cyclonic circulation located on the east of the southern Philippine Island of Mindanao in the western Pacific Ocean. It assists upwelling and thereby enhancing the primary productivity in the area. Variations in primary productivity may influence the overall ocean productivity of a given area. El Niño events generate widespread climate and ecosystem changes in the Pacific Ocean and in regions beyond. The relationship between oceanic phytoplankton and climate variability to assess the ecosystems has gained an increasing attention recently. Therefore this study was aimed to evaluate the variability of chlorophyll-a, which is a proxy of primary productivity and also some related physical parameters including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH) of the area to examine the influence of 1997-1998, 2009-2010 and 2015-2016 El Niño events. This assessment was mainly based on the data derived from remote-sensed satellite data from Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for chlorophyll-a. Data from NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature dataset and NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System was used for SST and SSH data respectively. During our study, the estimated chlorophyll-a concentration (mg/m3) anomalies were +10.02 %, +3.35 %, +17.44%, SST (oC) anomalies were -1.65%, -0.71%, -0.47%, and SSH (m) anomalies were -29.10%, -11.17%, -45.02% respectively for the 1997-1998, 2009-2010 and 2015-2016 El Niño events. A similar trend was found throughout the three events with some variances in the Mindanao Dome area. Among the three events, the highest observed chlorophyll-a concentration (0.12 mg/m3) was found during the 1997-1998 El Niño event for the Mindanao Dome. These biophysical variabilities during the El Niño events will help to improve our understanding of the changes in the marine ecosystem, thus the effect to the productivity of the area.Item Evaluation of Chlorophyll retrieval algorithm using an intermittently closed tidal estuary: The Chilaw lagoon in the west coast of Sri Lanka(Remote Sensing Society of Japan (RSSJ), 2011) Dahanayaka, D.D.G.L.; Tonooka, H.; Wijeyaratne, M.J.S.; Minato, A.; Ozawa, S.Item Preliminary estimation of chlorophyll concentration in a tropical coastal lagoon in Sri Lanka(Remote Sensing Society of Japan (RSSJ), 2010) Dahanayaka, D.D.G.L.; Tonooka, H.; Minato, A.; Dassanayaka, G.; Wijeyaratne, M.J.S.; Ozawa, S.Item Feasibility Study for the Estimation of the Chlrophyll-a Using ASTER Data in an Eutrophic Lake, Sri Lanka(Japan Geoscience Union, Japan., 2014) Dahanayaka, D.D.G.L.; Tonooka, H.; Wijeyaratne, M.J.S.; Minato, A.; Ozawa, S.The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the previously proposed band ratio approach in estimating Chl-a in Bolgoda Lake, Sri Lanka as a representative example of Case II waters. Lake is located at western province in an area with lot of industries and also with some agricultural activities. Considerable amount of industrial effluents are discharged into it. Illegal filling and also encroachment has occurred in the recent past. This study focused on to determine the trends in eutrophication via Chl-a changes during the recent past, make predictions and recommend mitigatory measures and suggest precautionary measures to restore the environment. From March to December 2013, water samples at 5 points of Lake were collected once per month parallel to ASTER overpass and Chl-a of each sample was measured using a laboratory spectrophotometer. Cloud-free ASTER scenes acquired over Lake under clear sky conditions were selected during 2000 to 2013 for Chl-a estimation and trend analysis. All the ASTER images were atmospherically corrected using FLAASH and in-situ Chl-a data on Lake were regressively analyzed with atmospherically corrected three ASTER VNIR band ratios such as B1/B2 of the same date. Finally, the regression equation of the band ratio with highest correlation (B1/B2; R2 = 0.78) was used to develop algorithm for generation of 15-m resolution Chl-a distribution maps using atmospherically corrected time series satellite imageries in day by day basis. This method applied for ASTER band 1/2 ratio due to Chl-a is positively correlated with the green band reflectance and negatively correlated with the red band reflectance. Therefore, the reflectance ratio of green and red bands becomes a robust parameter to estimate the Chl-a content. According to the ASTER based Chl-a distribution maps it is clearly evident that eutrophication of the Bolgoda Lake has been gradually increased from 2005-2011. Further, results showed that there were significant eutrophic conditions throughout the year 2013 in several parts of the Lake and considerable spatial heterogeneity with higher concentrations being recorded water stagnant areas and in water adjacent to freshwater outlets. It is clear that Bolgoda Lake is apparently a disposal site of various discharges of factories in addition to poor drainage and sewage systems present in this area. Highly unplanned urbanization and absolutely lack of adequate waste disposal management facilities in industries close to Lake have resulted in pollution of water. If the present trend of waste disposal and unplanned urbanization continue, they would create enormous environmental problems in future. Results of the present study showed that information from satellite remote sensing can play a useful role in determining the changes in Chl-a related to eutrophication in Bolgoda Lake and in the development of time series Chl-a distribution maps. Such information is important for the future predictions, development and management of this area as well as in the conservation of biodiversity. Therefore we recommend incorporation with this technique for routine monitoring of water quality using multi satellite data such as ASTER in inland water bodies like Bolgoda Lake in the future.Item Assessing the potential of satellite and ground spectral data for Chlorophyll-a monitoring in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan(IEEE, 2014) Dahanayaka, D.D.G.L.; Tonooka, H.; Wijeyaratne, M.J.S.; Minato, A.; Ozawa, S.The suitability of a handheld spectrometer and ASTER satellite data for monitoring Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan was tested in July 2010 to December 2013. ASTER based Chl-a retrieval algorithms were developed support with in-situ Chl-a, MODIS OC3 Chl-a and Kakemaoki and Koshin automated water quality monitoring stations Chl-a. ASTER VNIR band ratio were regressively analyzed with the corrected MODIS Chl-a and automated station values obtained for each ASTER date on a day by day basis. The regression equation of the ASTER band ratio (B1/B2), with highest correlation was used to generate high-resolution Chl-a distribution maps. Significant correlation between the ratio of the reflectance peak at 705 nm and the Chl-a absorption at 678 nm and the in-situ Chl-a content was observed and these reflectance ratios were used to establish spectrometric Chl-a estimation algorithms. Proposed algorithms can be successfully adopted to determine localized environmental effects in the Lake.