International Conference on Business and Information (ICBI)
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Item HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES FOR CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: THE CASE OF 3 STAR HOTELS IN SRI LANKA(2010) Dhammika, K.A.S.Customer satisfaction (CS) has been the focal point in all most all marketing management strategies in business organizations. Further, this emphasis on CS has penetrated into the other functional areas of organizations redirecting their activities towards customer satisfaction. Human resource management (HRM) plays a significant role in achieving CS, specially in service organizations like hotels, banks etc. it has made HRM required a particular set of strategies for creating CS in these service organization. However, few studies have been carried out to investigate adequately the HRM strategies for CS and assess their contribution for CS in organizations. The present study examined the HRM strategies of selected three star hotels and the level of CS in their customers. Further, it assessed the contribution of HR strategies for customer satisfaction the sample organizations. A random sample of 50 managers whose population stands around 280 and two hundred employees out of nearly around 1200, were drawn for data collection. The HR strategies profile developed by the research and Customer satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) were utilized for data collection. The factor analysis and multiple regressions were applied for data analysis in relation to hypotheses testing. It was revealed that HRM contribute significantly to CS in hotel industry, further, it was found that strategies such as customer oriented value system, Empowerment, behavior based employee evaluation, and performance based rewards systems are prominent in enhancing CS in three star hotels in Sri Lanka.Item Paradigm of industry life cycle and industry life cycle shift contrast to flying geese model: with special reference to Sri Lankan readymade garment industry(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Senevirathne, S.M.A.G.The Flying Geese model was used to explain the industrial development in latecomer economies with industry life cycle origination, growth and decline and industry life cycle shift form country to another, especially for Asian region. This paper compare the Sri Lankan readymade garment industry life cycle with Flying Geese model to verify the validity of the model refer to Sri Lanka. Similarly this paper will explore how this Sri Lankan readymade garment industry life cycle rise, fall and its effect on the comparative advantage and international competitiveness among the nations to influence for a geographical shift of the industry. Businesses engaged in high labour intensive industries like readymade garment industry often use spatial strategies for geographical relocation of the industry to countermand the rising economical and social downturn of a given country. Readymade garment life cycle shift occurs whenever a domestic country’s internal production competition intensified due to the increased number of manufacturing firms and the industry reached to its maturity. With the growth of the industry, workers will gain their collective bargaining power and wages starts to rise, health and safety cost will rise. Increased state regulations, tax and duties will increase the industrial pressure with high budget allocations for industrial good governance and social responsibilities. Severing the condition intensified domestic and international competition demand to enforce the cutting edge industrial technology with high operational and maintenance costs. Industry will tries to base with technology by replacing the labour to face and control the mounting labour and operating costs while improving the production quality and to achieve delivery deadlines. By this phase industry’s both labour cost and technical cost were grown drastically, diminishing the country’s comparative advantage by making the country no more low cost attractive production site. With the shrinking the profit margins, the brands and manufactures tend to seek low-wage, industrially unorganised, poor legitimate, fresh and alien more lucrative geographical locations to retain and safeguard their high returns margin. Increasing tendency of the globalisation during the past decade made every country to worry about the international trade and division of labour irrespective of the development level. Sri Lanka as a developing country in South Asia and ready-made garment industry as the key decisive exports manufacturing sub sector portrait a comprehensive industry life cycle and industry life cycle shift in and out of Sri Lankan border within period of less than four decades.Item An Analysis of Switching Behavior of Pre-paid Mobile Users in Sri Lanka(2010) Dissanayake, D.M.R.; Wanninayake, W.M.C.B.Sri Lanka is one the fast growing markets for the mobile communication service, and it is nearly 1.2 millions of subscribers are found in Sri Lankan market by 2008 ( TRC statistics: Sri Lanka 2008). Currently there are five industry competitors operate in this market, and it has found an aggressive competition over each other in terms of service factors and value proposition. As a result of that the switching behavior of customers has been frequently happening alone with strong customer bargaining power. This study was focused on the switching behavior of prepaid customers, and 150 respondents were selected under stratified probability sampling method. Data were collected through structured questionnaire alone with Likert scale. Two sets of independent variables were identified as per the literature reviews namely service failure factors and value proposition factors. An inferential statistical analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The ?Logit Regression Model? was used to test three hypotheses developed to test the switching behavior impacted by service failure and value proposition factors. Data analysis revealed that the value proposition factors had more impact on brand switching behavior than service failure factors. However, both value proposition and service failure factors were not found a significant impact on switching behavior among pre paid customers.Item Economics of Small Scale Industries: A look at Programmes for the Growth and Development of Small Scale Industries in Nigeria(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Bachama, Y.N.Governments in most developing countries have recognized that small scale industries play an important role in the acceleration of growth and development in their economies. As a developing country, Nigeria is not an exception. Nigeria attempted several programmes, such as National Economic Reconstruction funds, Industrial layouts and Establishment of Nigerian bank for Commerce and Industry, etc., to improve the production and growth of this vital sector during the colonial era as well as after the independence at 1960; however some of these programmes succeeded in bringing little changes, while others are unsuccessful. The objective of this study is to assess the viability of programmes and proffer solutions that could bring about changes in this vital sector. Secondary data such as government publications and corporation’s annual reports as well as interviews conducted with officials and managers were collected and statistical techniques are used for analysis. The study reveals that small scale industries have not seriously impacted on the areas of large scale immediate employment, development of indigenous industrial sector, production of highly specialized goods and filling in cracks between large industries in the economy. It is observed that unless concrete steps are taking in identifying the problems, then the country will continue to chase shadows.Item Growth and challenges of retail market in India(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Yadav, S.K.; Bargal, H.; Sharma, A.; Shukla, R.; Saxena, B.; Phalke, M.; Ghune, N.The retail sector of India has come-forth as one of the most dynamic and second fastest growing industrial economy with several players entering the market. But all of them have not yet tasted success because of the heavy initial investment that are required to break even with other companies and compete with them. India is the country having the most unorganized retail market. India’s huge middle class base and its untapped retail industry are the key attraction for global retail giants planning to enter into newer markets. This paper will includes growth of retail sector in India, strategies, strength and opportunities of retail stores, retail format in India, recent trends and opportunities and challenges. It examines consumers’ awareness and brand consciousness among people across different socio-economic group in India and witnessing of significant growth in the urban and semi-urban retail markets.Item Tourism product development in ecologicaly and culturally fragile areas – observations from Kerala in India(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Saji, M.P.; Narayanasamy, N.For economically poor but resource rich countries, tourism has become a vital sector to be considered for regional development. In the post-modern world, there seems to be an ever increasing urge for experiencing authentic life styles and environment – a search which is obvious to end up in locations and communities that were ecologically and culturally enclosed so far, so that it had not altered yet. This taste of more diversified and specialized experience makes many of the culturally and ecologically rich regions attractive in contemporary tourism market. The new tourism styles like Eco-tourism, Cultural tourism, Rural tourism, (indeed too many) have become synonym with the growth of tourism in several countries. However the real challenge before policy makers and the industry is to manage and strike a balance between conservation, recreation and regional development. In this context, the paper tries to explore through various alternative tourism concepts like eco-tourism and cultural tourism and observe its actual practices in Kerala, the southern most states of India, which has initiated several innovative tourism models. After analyzing the pros and cons tourism initiatives in the state, the paper seeks to appreciate and present the approaches that could be used as a base for tourism product development and management in ecologically and culturally fragile area.Item DO NEED BASED MOTIVATION PRACTICES MAKE HAPPY EMPLOYEES? INTEGRATING THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF HAPPINESS WITH EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION(2010) Wickramasinghe, C.N.; Ahmad, N.; Rashid, S.; Emby, Z.Even though the work life is one of the significant life domains that contribute to the happiness and satisfaction, it is not the only life domain that make employee happy and satisfied. Human mind is much more complex organism that has many domains that positively or negatively influence to the happiness and satisfaction of life. These life domains integrated within the individual as a chain that supply happy, unhappy, satisfying and unsatisfying feelings and emotions that create the happiness and satisfaction with life in a given time. Unhappy experience of one life domain is negatively influence to the other life domains as well. This is stimulated by the macro level socio, cultural and economic causes. Therefore, the organizational motivational practices should not necessarily focus only on work related motivation but need to think the happiness and satisfaction supply chain of an individual.Item AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF INSTITUTIONAL CULTURAL PARADIGMS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA AND UNIVERSITY OF KELANIYA(2010) Subasinghe, R.; Wickramasinghe, V.Although the state university system of Sri Lanka requires undergraduate degree programmes to be provided free of charge, postgraduate degree programmes and other services such as consultancy and research and development can be provided on income generating basis. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that the state university system is not operating up to its potential in providing commercially viable postgraduate programmes on profit making basis. This research questions whether the institutional cultural paradigms prevailing within the state university system impedes it from achieving strategic organizational objectives of survival, self-sustainability and growth. The study investigates and compares institutional cultural paradigms and effectiveness of postgraduate programmes of University of Moratuwa and University of Kelaniya, and investigates whether a particular paradigm is conducive for achieving strategic objectives than other cultural paradigms. For the study, a random sample of 100 senior academic and administrative staff responsible for postgraduate programmes of Faculty of Engineering, Architecture, and Information Technology of University of Moratuwa, and a random sample of 100 senior academic and administrative staff responsible for postgraduate programmes of Faculty of Science, Commerce and Management, Social Sciences, Humanities, Post Graduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies, and Post Graduate Institute of Archaeology of University of Kelaniya responded. The institutional culture was measured based on the dimensions proposed by Denison and Mishra (1995) that consist of four dimensions, namely Consistency, Adaptability, Involvement and Mission. The effectiveness of postgraduate programmes were measured based on the dimensions proposed by Cameron (1978) that consists of four dimensions, namely, Academic (Academic Development of students, Professional Development of Lecturers, Ability to acquire source), Morale, Adaptation to the External Environment and Field outside Programme. It was found that University of Moratuwa has more conducive institutional culture compared to University of Kelaniya, although certain Faculties of Unniversity of Kelaniya have scored higher in some institutional cultural dimensions compared to the Faculties of University of Moratuwa. A similar trend was observed in aspect of the effectiveness of postgraduate programmes as well. The research shows that healthy cultures lead to better effectiveness and technology oriented universities have comparatively conducive cultures that lead to greater effectiveness. This research will lay the foundation for future research into other factors influencing effectiveness and dynamics of existing cultural paradigms.Item Role of Emotional Intelligence in Organizational Learning: An Empirical Study Based on Banking Sector in Sri Lanka(2010) Dissanayaka, D.R.; Janadari, M.P.N.; Chathurani, R.A.I.In the present millennium one factor that appears to be constant in organizations is change. As a result, of that organizations are forced to make significant transformations in order to adapt and survive in this new world. Revans (1983) says that in any epoch of rapid change, those organizations which are unable to adapt will soon find themselves in trouble, and adaptation is achieved only by learning. Organizational Learning (OL) is about the acquisition of new knowledge and highlights the importance of acquiring and disseminating information to assist organization actions (Miller, 1996). Huber (1991) identified that OL consists of four constructs; Knowledge Acquisition, Information Distribution, Information Interpretation and Organizational Memory. Any organization wishing to thrive through change must make the choice to promote, and allow employee expressions of Emotional Intelligence (EI) (Hunton et al, 1998; Robertson et al, 1999). Goleman (1998) has identified four main dimensions of Emotional Intelligence (EI); Self Awareness, Self Management, Social Awareness and Relationship Management. Most of the literature expressed that there are very few studies on this topic in Sri Lankan context as well as all over the world. In addition to that empirical studies also proved that emotional research studies in organizational setting was ignored for a significant period of time. Therefore researchers were attempted to explore the nature and relationship of emotional intelligence in organizational learning Researchers have selected Sri Lankan domestic banks for the study as financial sector is identified as one of the most dynamic and vibrant sectors of the economy. The units of observation of the study were at individual level, managerial level employees. 70 managerial level employees were selected through simple random sampling method for the study. Both primary data and secondary data were collected for the study. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire and in-depth interview. Questionnaire was pre-tested using test-retest method for estimating the reliability. SPSS computer package was used as a tool for compiling and processing data. The findings of this study emphasized that the employees possessed above average level of EI and the processes of OL characterized by innovation, implementation, and sustenance of new ideas, processes structures and the likes are more than satisfactory. Further study results depicted EI as being positively and significantly related with OL. The findings have implications for management of people towards creating and maintaining OL.Item FINANCIAL PRACTICES AND EFFICIENCY OF COOPERATIVE RURAL BANKS IN SRI LANKA(2010) Jayamaha, A.; Mula, J.M.Many small financial institutions (SFIs) in developing countries make great effort to provide efficient services to the poorhouse holders. It is generally accepted that maintaining the financial strength which is importance in corporate governance mechanism of institutions, has a close relationship with the efficiency of financial institutions, although they are small. However, there is a doubt of efficiency of SFIs in developing countries due to not maintaining appropriate financial practices. In Sri Lanka, recent collapses of many financial institutions also signal that they do not maintain sound financial practices. Cooperative rural banks in Sri Lanka (CRBs) one of the formal SFIs in Sri Lanka which serve a large number of customers, deal with a large amount of funds and have substantial contributions to the rural financial sector during the last four decades. This paper seeks to test financial strength of cooperative rural banks in Sri Lanka (CRBs) and whether these strengths have a significant impact on efficiency of these institutions. The financial strength of CRBs was assessed using ratios of capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, loan to deposit, profitability, loan portfolio yield, operational efficiency, and operational self-sufficiency. The efficiency of CRBs in Sri Lanka was examined by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a non-parametric analytic technique. Based on the data extracted from CRBs? financial statements, correlation coefficients showed that several financial practices have significant associations with the efficiency of CRBs in Sri Lanka. This confirms that efficient SFIs maintain sound financial practices which contribute to higher levels of efficiency.Item THE VALUE RELEVANCE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS?INFORMATION: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE LISTED COMPANIES IN COLOMBO STOCK EXCHANGE(2010) Karunarathne, W.V.A.D.; Rajapakse, R.M.D.A.P.Investors and other interest parties of accounting make use of financial statements and disclosures, among other publically available information, to assess the risk and value of firm when taking the investment decisions. According to Sushma Vishnani, Bhupesh Kr. Shah (2008) ?Value relevance? implies ability of the financial information contained in the financial statements to explain the stock market measures. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the value relevance of financial information that extracted from financial statement directly or indirectly. Especially the study considered the value relevance of earnings and cash flows in stock prices. In addition, the study pays attention on the firm size effect on value relevance. A hundred (100) companies have been selected to the sample representing the all the business sectors except banking, finance and insurance over a period of 5 years from 2004 to 2008 listed in the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) and the pooled time regression method is used to analyze the data. Return model as well as Price model was used to determine the value relevance of financial statements? information. It revealed that the value relevance of accounting information under the Price model has more explanatory power than Return Model. The empirical results of the study indicate that Earning Per Share (EPS) is the most value relevant variable in this study and it is significant at 0.01 level. Regression of earnings, book value and cash flows on stock price results indicate that the cash flows from investment is another value relevance variables at 0.01 significant level. When running stepwise regression to determine the best model of value relevance, EPS is the only value relevant variable for determining stock prices.Item IMPACT OF LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND BUSINESS EXPERIENCE ON BUSINESS SUCCESS AMONG SMALL RETAIL OWNER MANAGERS IN SRI LANKA(2010) Wanigasekara, W.M.S.K.; Surangi, H.K.N.S.Two key demographic variables that influence entrepreneurship activities are level of education and business experience. The ?Business Experience? ?Formal Education? and the ?Business Success? are three interrelated terms. Most of the researchers have argued for stronger link between the business experience and the business success, and Formal education and the business success. Robrt and Alicia (2003) exposed success of the business is linked with level of the education of the owner .Therefore education is another factor that influences owner mangers entrepreneurial success and Thapa (2007) discovered the education has positive effect on entrepreneurial success. Further owner managers business experience is important determinant for business success. Goslin and Barge (1986) revealed individuals who finance new ventures weigh the owners' experience significantly when making decisions .Then the problem of the study was ;impact of level of education and business experience on business success of owner managers. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between business success with business experience and business success with the level of the education. The study was based on sample of 33 owner manager from retail sector. The data collection technique was questionnaire method and used Independent t-test for analyses the data. Findings of the study were there is a significant relationship between level of education and business success and there were no difference between business experience and business success.Item The impact of intellectual capital on the firm performance and investor response: an empirical study of selected sectors in Colombo stock exchange(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Kehelwalatenna, S.; Gunaratne, P.S.M.Intellectual capital (IC) is recognized as a strategic asset which gives competitive advantages by driving organizations for superior performance in the modern day knowledge-based economies. The purpose of this study is to investigate, empirically, the relation between IC, and firm performance and the response of investors. In this respect, the study has been conducted using data drawn for 2002 to 2006 from listed financial services and manufacturing sector firms in Sri Lanka. The Pulic’s Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) has been employed to measure the IC together with the measurements of value creation efficiencies of capital employed, human capital, and structural capital of selected firms. The researchers use the Pearson’s correlation analysis and construct regression models to investigate the said relationships. Results of the main analysis show that IC is positively associated with firm performance, and investor response. In addition, it is found that the level of importance placed by investors on three components of value creation efficiencies (physical capital, human capital, and structural capital) has not been uniform. Moreover, the results of the extended analyses further confirm some of the above associations with few exceptions. The study is novel and original in its approach to determine the value addition in the VAIC model. In this regard, current study brings the assumptions of the stewardship theory in alternative to both economic value addition and value addition according to the stakeholder theory. Moreover, the results may extend in understanding the role of IC in creating corporate value and building sustainable advantages for companies in developing countries as the findings in developed economies and emerging economies cannot be generalized to developing nations, since country-specific factors and technological advancements influence significantly in determining the level of IC.Item A case of an accountancy study programme in Sri Lanka to improve relevance and quality of undergraduate education: a new dimension on institutional view(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Senaratne, S.; Gunarathne, A.D.N.The quality enhancement of undergraduate education is presently, a much discussed area in Sri Lanka, with the implementation of the World Bank funded Improving the Relevance and Quality of Undergraduate Education (IRQUE) Project. In this context, this study explores the case of IRQUE Project of Department of Accounting (DA), University of Sri Jayewardenepura (USJ) in relation to the institutionalization of good practices resulted through its interventions. The study examines the institutionalization of these practices in DA by drawing inferences from New Institutional Sociology (NIS) (Scapens, 2006) with specific reference to the works of DiMaggio and Powell in relation to institutional isomorphism. The study finds that DA has developed and adopted many good practices through the interventions made through the IRQUE Project to improve the quality and relevance of B.Sc. Accounting (Special) Degree Programme. Further, the study suggests that institutionalization of these good practices in DA, reflects all three forms of isomorphism viz. coercive, mimetic and normative as proposed by DiMaggio and Powell (1983).Item COMPOSITION AND CONFIGURATION OF THE BOARD AND FIRM PERFORMANCE(2010) Ranasinghe, D.N.Corporate Governance is an obligatory adherence function in the present turbulent business environment. Evidence reveal that non-compliance have resulted collapse of corporate giants around the world. Composition and configuration (Board Structure)of the board of directors, as a corporate governance component, derived much attention; consequently, practitioners and academia have tried to identify the most appropriate board structure by linking this with performance. Extensive literature on board structure-performance relationship yields mixed results and disregards nonfinancial aspect of performance. This study tries to determine to what extent the structure of the board affects financial and non-financial performance in listed banks, finance and insurance organizations in Sri Lanka which are exposed to continuous increase in complexity, risk and change in the industry, demanding for intensive corporate governance practices. It is aimed to identify the impact of the board structure on performance measured in terms of both financial and non-financial facets.Board size, non-executive and female director proportion, CEO/Chairman independence, accounting and market based coupled with non-financial performance indicators were employed to measure the comprehensiveness of the board structure and the performance respectively. Application of robust statistical techniques revealed that the relationship between the board structure and financial performance does not have a statistically significant relationship and contradicts the literature while board structure and non-financial performance revealed a significant relationship.Item Analyzing the significance of tourism on Sri Lankan economy; an econometric analysis(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Ranasinghe, R.; Deyshappriya, R.In countries like Maldives, Malaysia, Singapore and Spain, tourism and related recreation activities play a significant role in the generation of income / foreign exchange and provision of employment opportunities. In fact, in the global context this industry is identified as the single largest economic contributor. Moreover, tourism plays a crucial role in the attainment of macroeconomic stability. Besides, the political stability of a country has a major impact on its tourism industry. According to the preceding view, this paper aims at analysing empirically the significance of tourism in the Sri Lankan economy from 1970 to 2008. The relationship will be analyzed based on a time series approach. The study will endeavour to estimate the relationship between economic performance and tourism revenue, subject to main macroeconomic variables and political stability of the country. With respect to policy implications, the study recommends that the role of tourism could be highly emphasized in the sustainable economic development with a stable political environment.Item QUALITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: WHAT SAY THE UNDERGRADUATES?(2010) Munasinghe, M.A.T.K.; Rathnasiri, U.A.H.A.All over the world, as tertiary education grows rapidly and its cost continues to rise in both public and private sectors there is increasing interest in quality aspects of education. Quality is one of the many concepts in the social sciences that are extremely difficult to define. Given the difficulties in defining quality, literature suggests to take all competing views of stakeholders into account in defining the quality in higher education. Literature suggests four main stakeholders in higher education as ?Providers, Users of products, Users of outputs and the employees of the sector. All these parties are customers of the education system with diverse requirements. This study was based on questionnaires distributed among 100 undergraduates of the Faculty of Commerce and Management studies of the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka to provide a view of quality in higher education from the perspective of critical stakeholder group-Users of products(Undergraduates).Based on factor analysis, quality dimensions were defined and five dimensions of quality; Resource Availability, Information and Responsiveness, Competence of academic staff, Corporate Collaboration, Assessment and Monitoring were together accounted for 69.5 percent of the total variance. The dimension of Competence of academic staff reserved the highest and Assessment and Monitoring was placed as the least perceived quality dimension from undergraduates? perspective.Item Offsetting the green guilt or bargaining for cheapest: discourse of green consumption of develop and developing world customers(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Hewawasam, B.; Abeysekara, N.Green guilt in consumption or consider consumption as harmful to the environment became an increasingly acceptable concept among customers of developed world. Even within developing countries, green consumption dialogue is spread to considerable extent. But whether it reaches the acceptability of general consumer in developing part of the world is still a question. Researchers attempt to understand Asian consumers sensitive to environment in their consumption practice of air travel. Airline marketers all over the world understand customer’s green guilt and use it heavily in their promotions and communications. Carbon calculation and mitigation of the carbon emission by voluntary financial contribution of customers is a popular choice given by almost all the major airlines of developing as well as developed countries. Researchers attempt to explore the major discourses of green consumption among airline customers through such voluntary offsetting mechanism. Customer in-depth interviews are the data collection method using by researchers. Sample of ten airline passengers taken by using judgmental sampling technique were interview by researchers. Interview transcriptions analyzed using discourse analysis method in order to identify the main discourse/s of green consumption among developing country airline passengers. This research is significant by its pioneering effort of identifying the green consumption facets among developing country consumers and exploring the green consumerism discourse in relatively unexplored context of developing part of the world. Findings of this research is also helpful to identify how green guilt exists on different customer groups and identify how global phenomenon like green consumerism affected to different markets. This paper is not only having theoretical understanding of green consumption in different scenarios, it will be practically viewed on identify global solutions for environment sensitive areas.Item Television advertising and food demand of children in Sri Lanka: a case study from Galle District(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Samaraweera, G.R.S.R.C.; Samanthi, K.L.N.The main objective of the study is to seek the relationship between food demand and television advertising focusing on children in Sri Lanka. The study used primary data with 100 children in-between the age of 9-14 representing Sangamiththa Girls School and Olsent boys‟ school in Galle. Four stage sampling method was used by the study. In the first stage stratified cluster sampling was used to select two schools from five main girls‟ schools and five main boys‟ schools in Galle randomly by using lotteries method. In the second stage stratified random sample was selected representing the students in the classes from year 4 to year 9 cluster representing 25% of each class in both schools. At the final step systematic random sampling was used to select students with the gap of 4 students. Two questionnaires were provided for students and their parents to collect data. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression model were used for the analyzing. The dependent variables were used as expenditure on additional food items while using different socio economic demographic characteristics of children and their parents as explanatory variables. The Study found that a positive relationship of television advertising on food demand. Residential sector, gender of the child, age , employment of parents, length of time of watching television, influence of friends, the mode of traveling to school , specific brand choices, using popular persons for the advertisements, giving attractive items with the product, giving sponsorships for children‟ events are identified as some significant factors determining the food demand of the children. Some possible policy implications suggested for the family, schools, advertising agencies, media and for the government, have been initiated as the final contribution of the study.Item Ethical issues in business: the spiritual inputs(University of Kelaniya, 2010) Agarwal, H.Zeno of Cyprus, Manu Samhita and even every book of Religion especially ‘Hindu’ have strongly put the Ethics as an essential part of the business activities. All over the world, every person want to achieve peaceful living. And, to perform this act, a common code of conduct is required. This common code of conduct measures all human being equal and gives joy and happiness naturally available to all. It is, thus, called society i.e., group leading an ethics or living a value based life enjoys the fruits of good organized living. Business is a part of the society. It functions in the society. So, it should be guided by the ethical or moral norms which the society wants the business to observe. In other words, every business should be guided by business ethics i.e., moral principles which are considered by the society as right, and so, should govern and guide the activities of the business. This way, the present paper (followed) is based upon the citations, discussions and suggestions given in the various spiritual and holy texts in Artha and Kama, Dharma, Moksha manner. Moreover, ethical dilemma is discussed in detail. In my opinion, the present paper contains such issues which have not been discussed so far.