International Postgraduate Research Conference (IPRC)
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Item 2005 ජනාධිපතිවරණයේ මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂගේ මැතිවරණ ව්යාපාරයේ දී මාධ්ය භාවිතය මගින් මතවාද ගොඩනැඟීම - රූපවාහිනිය ඇසුරෙන්(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) මාධව, ජේ.ඒ. තරිඳු2005 වර්ෂයේ ශ්රී ලංකා ජනාධිපතිවරණය ඉතා තීරණාත්මක මැතිවරණයක් වූ අතර එහි දී ඡන්ද සටනට ප්රධාන වශයෙන් පිවිසියේ මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ සමඟ රනිල් වික්රමසිංහ වේ. මෙහි දේශපාලන පක්ෂ වූයේ ශ්රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂය ප්රමුඛ සංධාන පක්ෂයක් ලෙසත්, එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය ලෙසත් ය. මෙම පර්යේෂණයේ දී 2005 මැතිවරණ ප්රචාරණ කටයුතු ආරම්භ වීමත් සමඟ රූපවාහිනී මාධ්ය තුළ විකාශනය වූ වෙළද දැන්වීම් හා ප්රචරණ කටයුතු අධ්යයනය කර විශ්ලේෂණය කිරීම සිදු කරන ලදි. පර්යේෂණ නියැදිය ලෙස 2005 මැතිවරණයේ දී මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ තම මැතිවරණ දේශපාලන ව්යාපාරයේ ප්රචාරණය සඳහා රූපවාහිනී මාධ්යයේ විකාශනය කරන ලද වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් දහයක් තෝරා ගන්නා ලදි. එම දැන්වීම් වල අන්තර්ගත වූ රූප මාධ්ය හැසිරවීම, වචන භාවිතය හා ඉලක්කගත පිරිස යන කොටස් තුන ඔස්සේ අධ්යයනය සිදු කරන ලදි. මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ විසින් වෙළද දැන්වීම් හා රූපවාහිනී මාධ්ය බහුල ලෙස විවිධ ක්රම ඔස්සේ හා විවිධ පුද්ගලයන් අනුබද්ධ කර ගනිමින් යොදා ගත් බව මෙම අධ්යයනයේ දී පැහැදිලි වේ. එමගින් විවිධ සමාජ තත්ත්වයන් ආමන්ත්රණය කිරීමට දැන්වීම්කරණයෙන් උත්සාහ දරා ඇත. ඔහු හොඳ ගැමියෙකු, ග්රාමිකත්වය අගයන පුද්ගලයෙකු බව පෙන්වමින් ග්රාමීය ජනතාව ඉල්ලකොට මාධ්ය හැසිරවීම මුලිකව සිදු කරන ලදි. බෞද්ධයෙකු මෙන්ම ශාසනය ආරක්ෂා කරන බව දැක්වීම සඳහා බෞද්ධ ජනතාව ආකර්ෂණය කර ගැනීම සඳහා ද ඒ පිළිබඳ විදහා දක්වන දැන්වීම් නිර්මාණාත්මක යොදා ගෙන ඇත. යුධමය හා යුද්ධයෙන් සිදුවූ විනාශකාරී තත්ත්වයන්ට අදාළ රූප රාමු විකාශනය මගින් යුධ ශාපය නිමාකරන බව පසක්කර ලීමට දැන්වීම් යොදා ගන්නා ලදි. කුඩා ළමුන් යොදා ගෙන සිදු කරන ලද ප්රචාරණ මාධ්ය මගින් සංවේදී පුද්ගල කණ්ඩායම් ග්රහණය කර ගැනීමට උත්සාහ දරා ඇත. ඔහුගේ පෞරුෂත්වය ගොඩනැගීමට හා මැතිවරණ පොරොන්දු එළි දැක්වීම වැනි අවශ්යතාවයන්ද ජනතාව අතරට සම්ප්රේෂණය කිරීමේ සූක්ෂම උපක්රමයක් ලෙස ප්රචාරණ මාධ්ය යොදා ගෙන ඇත. ඔහුගේ මැතිවරණ දැන්වීම්කරණය සඳහා කලාකරුවන් හා ප්රසිද්ධ පුද්ගලයින් යොදා මැතිවරණ ප්රචාරණ ව්යාපාරය දියත් කිරීම මෙහි දී විශේෂයෙන් දැක්විය හැකිය. ලංකාවේ ජනප්රිය ගායක ගායිකාවන් පමණක් නොව චිත්රපට නළු නිළියන් භාවිතා කිරීම හා ඔවුන් විසින් කරන ලද ප්රකාශ රුපවාහිනී මාධ්ය ඔස්සේ විකාශය කිරීම සිදු කරන ලදි. එමඟින් ඔහු විසින් ප්රවීණ කලාකරුවන් මගින් විද්වත් ජනතාව ආමන්ත්රණය කිරීමටත්, තරුණ පරපුරේ කලාකරුවන් මගින් ලංකීය තරුණ පරපුර ආමන්ත්රණය කිරීමටත් උත්සහයක් දරා ඇත. තිස්වසරක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධය අවසන් කිරීමට කාර්යශූර්ය, කඩිසර, එඩිතර පුද්ගලයෙකු ලෙස මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂට හැකියාව ඇති බවත්, දරුවන්ගේ හා රටේ අනාගතය ගැන සිතා තම ඡන්දය භාවිතා කල යුතු බවත්, ඔහු විසින් මාධ්ය තුළින් ජනතාවගේ සිත් ග්රහණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළේ ය. එමෙන්ම මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ ග්රාමීය ජනතාවගේ හිත සුව පිණිස හා දියුණුව පිණිස වැඩ කරන පුද්ගලයෙකු යන හැඟීම අදාළ ඡන්ද දායකයා තුළට ආරෝපණය කිරීමට දැන්වීම්කරණය මගින් සමත් වී ඇත. මේ ආකාරයෙන් බලන කල පෙනී යන්නේ ඔහුගේ මැතිවරණ ව්යාපාරය තුළ ජනතා මතය ගොඩනැංවීම සඳහා මාධ්ය ඉතා හොඳින් කළමනාරණය කර ප්රචාරණ දැන්වීම් නිපදවීම සිදුකර ඇති බවයි. මෙම ප්රචාරණ දැන්වීම් මැතිවරණ ව්යාපාරය සාර්ථකව ජයග්රහණය කර ගැනීම සඳහා විශාල කාර්ය භාරයක් සිදු කර ඇති බව මෙම පර්යේෂණයෙන් දැක්විය හැකිය.Item 2015 General Election and Political Cartoons(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Aththanayaka, M.A political cartoonist can express in one drawing an idea which may require a thousand words. In this study, while establishing this potential of the cartoonist, the researcher focuses on how political ideology is represented through cartoons. The sample for the study consists of cartoons which were published during the period starting from the date on which the nominations were given for the 2015 general election (i.e 14-07-2015) to the day of the election (i.c 17-08-2015). The content analysis was done using the cartoons which appeared on the newspapers with the largest number of sales in Sri Lanka. These newspapers were selected based on the report of the Sri Lanka press council. The content of a political cartoon can be categorized into six parts i.e symbol, labels, caption, exaggeration, common method and dialogue. When analyzing the political cartoons according to these categories, it becomes apparent that the political cartoons represent the political ideology espoused by the particular newspaper. This was clearly identified according to the time frame of the study and by the day of the election.Item 2022 ගෝල්ෆේස් අරගලයේ ප්රවෘත්ති වාර්තාකරණය - රූපවාහිනී මාධ්යය ඇසුරෙන් විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක අධ්යයනයක්(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2022) මාධව, ජේ. ඒ. ටී.මෙම පර්යේෂණයේ අරමුණ වනුයේ 2022 වර්ෂයේ ගෝල්ෆේස් අරගලයේ ප්රවෘත්ති රජයේ සහ පෞද්ගලික මාධ්ය අංශ විසින් වාර්තා කළ ආකාරය අධ්යයනය කිරීමයි. මෙහි දී කාල රාමුව ලෙස 2022 මැයි මස 09 වන දින හා 2022 ජුනි 09 වන දින ප්රවෘත්ති විකාශයන් අතරතුර අරගලයේ ප්රවෘත්ති වාර්තාකරණය කළ ආකාරය පිළිබඳව රූපවාහිනී මාධ්ය දෙකක් ඇසුරෙන් විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක අධ්යයනයක් සිදු කර ඇත. මෙහි දී පර්යේෂණයේ නියැදිය වශයෙන් රජයේ ප්රධානතම රූපවාහිනී මාධ්ය ආයතනය වන ජාතික රූපවාහිනියත්, අරගල පුවත් මාධ්ය විකාශනයේ ජනප්රියතම මාධ්ය ලෙස ප්රකට වූ සිරස රූපයවාහිනී මධ්යයත් පෞද්ගලික මාධ්යයන් අතුරින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. දත්ත රැස් කිරීමේ දී මාධ්ය අංශ දෙකෙහිම ප්රවෘත්ති වාර්තාකරණයේ පටිගත වීඩියෝ පට සහ එම ආයතන නිළ වෙබ් පිටු වල පලකළ වීඩියෝ පට භාවිතා කරන ලදී. දත්ත විශ්ලේෂණයේ දී ප්රවෘත්ති වාර්තාකරණයේ දී මාධ්ය අංශ දෙකෙහිම ප්රවෘත්ති සිරස්තල භාවිතය, ගුවන් කාලය වෙන් කිරීම, සහභාගී වූ වර්තාකරුවන් ප්රමාණය, ප්රවෘත්ති වාර්තාකරණයේ යෙදුනු ස්ථාන, පුවත් සංස්කරණය, පක්ෂග්රාහී බව, සජීවී පුවත් විකාශන වලදී භාෂා භාවිතය යන කරුණු යටතේ මාධ්ය අංශ දෙක පිළිබඳව අන්තර්ගත විශ්ලේෂණයක් සිදු කරන ලදී. මෙම පර්යේෂණයේ නිගමන සහ නිර්දේශ ලෙස පර්යේෂණයෙන් සනාත වී ඇත්තේ රාජ්ය මාධ්ය ලෙස ජාතික රූපවාහිනිය ප්රවෘත්ති විකාශනය තුළින් අරගලයේ නියම තත්ත්වයන් නිසි ලෙස විකාශනය සිදු කර නොමැති බවත්, රජයට පක්ෂක්ග්රාහීව ප්රවෘත්ති විකාශනය කර ඇති බවත්ය. ජාතික රූපවාහිනියේ විකාශනයේ දී ඔවුන් තමන්ගේ දෛනික වැඩසටහන්වලට මූලිකත්වය දෙමින් අරගලය සංනිවේදනය උකහා දැක්වීම යටපත් කර වර්තාකරනය සිදු කර ඇති අතර එය රාජ්ය විරෝධී කැරුල්ලක් යන මතය නිර්මාණය කිරීමට ද උත්සාහා දරා ඇත. එමෙන්ම රාජ්ය මර්ධනය හෙලිදරව් වීම වලැක්වීමට තම විකාශනය තුළින් උත්සාහ දරා ඇත. පෞද්ගලික මාධ්යයක් ලෙස සිරස රූපවාහිනිය අරගලකරුවන්ගේ ක්රියාකාරකම් ඍජුව විකාශනය කිරීමට හා සජීවීව විකාශනය කිරීමට කටයුතු කර ඇති බවත්, සිරස මාධ්ය අරගලකරුවන්ට පක්ෂක්ග්රාහීව හා ජනතාව අරගලය තුළට ඇද ගැනීමට වචන හා භාෂාව භාවිතා කර ඇති බවත්, අරගලකරුවන්ට විරුද්ධව දැඩි මර්ධනකාරී වැඩ පිළිවෙලක් රජය විසින් ක්රියාත්මක කරන බව නිරූපණය කිරීමට තම මාධ්යවේදීන් අරගල භූමියේ සිට සජීවී තොරතුරු වාර්තාකරණය හා එම මාධ්යවේදීන්ට ද ප්රහාර එල්ල වීම සංස්කරණය නොකරමින් විකාශනය කිරීම හා ඔවුන් හා ප්රවෘත්ති නිවේදකයන්ගේ ආවේගශිලී වචන භාවිතය මගින් අරගලය නිරවද්ය කිරීම හා ප්රවෘත්ති විකාශනයේ වැඩි කාලයක් අරගලයේ පුවත් විකාශනයට භාවිතා කිරීම මගින් ප්රේක්ශකයින් වැඩියෙන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගැනීමට කටයුතු කිරීමට තම මාධ්ය භාවිතා කර ඇති බව පර්යේෂණයෙන් සනාත වී ඇත.Item Abstract Art Style of H.A. Karunarathna in Contemporary Visual Arts(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Baddegama, S.K.H.A. Karunarathne becomes a remarkable personnel in the Sri Lankan art history, especially the modern art. Due to his leadership to establish a tradition based on several European and American styles namely abstract expressionism and European religious and philosophical art styles. His revolutionary approach on painting techniques, especially merging the pre ground, middle area and the background of the space used, provided unique appearance and beauty to his artwork. The shapes and colours of his art work were of significance due to its philosophical nature. Apparently, the indulgence of realistic and naturalistic approach enables many Sri Lankan artists to be inspired from his artwork. Thus the objectives of the present study are to identify and analyze the characteristics of the paintings of H.A. Karunarathne and his contribution towards the abstract art style in contemporary visual artItem Abstract on Global Knowledge Sharing for Implementing a Digital Manufacturing Lab (FabLab) for Rural Development in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Hettiarachchi, C.; Palapathwala, P.; Srinath, G.Digital Manufacturing is changing the way the world has seen manufacturing by sharing designs and blueprints over the internet. It will be possible to digitally print 3 -dimensional objects locally from anywhere ―print almost anything‖. According to Anderson (2012) digital revolution in fabrication technology interpreted as the third industrial revolution. Started as project at MIT, the concepts of digital manufacturing is spreading all over the world in the form of Fabrication Laboratory (FabLaB). A group of Sri Lankan Social Scientists from Sri Lanka, Europe and United States has been conducting a project to explore the opportunities for digital manufacturing in post -conflict economic development in Sri Lanka & being a manufacturing based economy, digital fabrication technologies can be used small scale industries such as artificial limbs, prosthetics in cost effective manner .The group has been collaborating over the internet in setting up of a FabLaB for empowerment and economic development of a rural community in Sri Lanka. The objectives of the project are to share knowledge, enhance innovation and technology transfer in community development, to engage multi- stakeholders including Universities, the government, private sector, NGOs, community and other key players. This paper will discuss the objectives, process, progress and challenges in this project. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the use of Web technologies in conducting a global knowledge sharing project and also to discuss the power of digital manufacturing to empower rural community in developing country context. The paper will discuss the dimensions of project covering the planning process, implementation strategies, challenges faced and expected outcome.Item Accountability in Local Government Institutions of Sri Lanka: A Study of the Hali-Ela Pradeshiya Sabha(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Kanchana, D.G.Accountability was a basic argument of establishing the local government system in Sri Lanka with some adjustments in time to time. Currently, accountability does not mean that just being showing the accounts to the hierarchical institutions and the local government institutions have to be accountable in a pluralistic way. In other words, there are dimensions of accountability namely; Political accountability, Legal accountability, Administrative accountability, Professional accountability and Social accountability. All these dimensions of accountability are questionable in local government institutions of Sri Lanka. This study has questioned that why and how these dimensions of accountability are in problematic by giving special reference to the Hali-Ela Pradeshiya Sabha which is being challenged by a lot of criticisms due to inability of maintaining the proper accountability. This Hali-Ela Pradeshiya Sabha is located in Badulla District, which belongs to Uva Province. The legal background of all establishments of the Pradeshiya Sabhas is same but the way of functioning is not equal at all. Accountability issues in Pradeshiya Sabhas may arise not only because of the laws and regulations, structure, selection process of members, human and physical resources, etc., but also because of institutional culture, population matters, ethnic diversity and environmental factors. Especially, the institutional culture always depends on the characteristics such as workers‘ attitudes, environmental surroundings, ethnic diversity, etc. The Hali-Ela Pradeshiya Sabha area has been selected as the study area since it includes all these ethnic and cultural diversities and therefore the people‘s needs are also complex in nature. The Hali- Ela Pradeshiya Sabha has to be proactive to provide the services to the people by ensuring the accountability. The study conducted based on the qualitative data. In data collection, content analysis and case study method have been used. The use of case study method to analyze the critical information related to the practical scenario of the accountability of this institution was helpful. The descriptive analysis method has been used in the data analysis. The findings show that all forms of accountabilities have been challenged due to inadequate communication among political representatives, administrators and people in the Pradeshiya Sabha area. Not only due to political and administrative conflicts for the Pradeshiya Sabha functions, there cannot be seen collective actions towards enhancing the accountability while providing a quality service delivery to the public.Item Accuracy in the Usage of Direct and Indirect Speech in Learning English as a Second Language: Tertiary Level(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Jayasinghe, R.R.Direct speech in English Language refers to quoted speech, for example, Rani said, “I visited my uncle yesterday.” Indirect speech refers to reported speech, for example, Rani said that she had visited her uncle on the previous day. When direct speech is converted into indirect speech, there are some fundamental changes to be made: changing the tense of the verb, the punctuation marks and references in time, pronoun, etc. Due to these complex rules, there is a possibility that the learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) would find difficult to convert direct speech into indirect speech successfully. The objectives of this study are: to find out whether there are significantly different areas in converting direct speech into indirect speech where all the 12 tenses of verbs in English language are concerned; to examine the percentages of the accurate usage of the punctuation marks and references in time, place, and pronoun in both direct and indirect speech. Total number of 50 first year students, randomly selected from the Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, participated in this study. Twelve sentences in direct speech, each carrying one tense out of 12 tenses of verbs in English Language were provided to these students to convert into indirect speech, and vice versa. SPSS-21was used to analyse the correct usage of verb, punctuation marks, and the references in time, place and the pronoun in the direct and indirect speech. An ANNOVA was run, and the Tukey’s HSD test showed that there are significant differences in the correct use of verb across the 12 tenses in both direct and indirect speech. The findings concluded that there are considerable difficulties for these students in the use of verbs, punctuation marks and the references in direct and indirect speech. These findings can be used to facilitate teaching direct and indirect speech for ESL students at the tertiary level.Item The Accuracy of the Usage of the 'Subject and Verb Agreement' by the Learners of English as a Second Language(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Jayasinghe, R.Subject -verb agreement is a basic rule of English grammar which states that subjects and verbs must agree in person and number. Therefore, singular subjects need singular verbs whereas plural subjects need plural verbs. At tertiary level, Sinhala speaking ESL (English as a second a language) learners very often get confused with the nuances of the rules of subject -verb agreement. For example, compare, the jury (a collective noun) is walking to the courtroom and the jury (refers to many people as individuals) are discussing among themselves. According to Bock and Miller (1991), elicited sentence productions show that the occasional errors of subject-verb agreement that speakers make are more likely to occur when a singular head noun is followed by a plural as in The producer of adventure stories have arrived than when a plural head is followed by a plural (Nicol, Foster & Veres, 1997). The objective of this study is to analyze the tertiary level Sinhala-speaking ESL learners’ accuracy patterns of the usage of subject -verb agreement in their writing tasks in order to find out relevant methods to facilitate the teaching of subject -verb agreement in English Language. A sample of 50 first year undergraduates who are randomly selected from the University of Kelaniya participated in this study. The research tool of this experimental study is a sentence battery consisting of gapfilling tasks where the learners have to use the correct verb according to the given subject. Excel spread sheets and SPSS will be used for data analysis. Two way ANOVA will be run and the Post Hoc Tukey HSD Test will be computed to compare the significant differences in the accurate use of each sub rule of subject and verb agreement. Findings of these accuracy patterns can be applied to teach subject -verb agreement in the ESL classrooms more effectively. The findings of the study will also inform syllabus design, lesson materials and lesson plans on the use of tenses in English grammar.Item Acidification and neutralization potentials of rainwater at University of Peradeniya(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Kumari, D.M.R.A.; Liyandeniya, A.B.; Priyantha, N.Constituents present in rainwater affects compositional changes leading to acidification or neutralization, and hence the quantification of constituents in rain water. In this respect, the purpose of the present study was to establish a relationship between acidification and neutralization potential of rainwater particulates via bulk precipitation and ambient air quality via dry deposition. Analysis of 30 samples of bulk deposition and 11 samples of dry deposition collected during the four month period from May to September, 2013 at the University of Peradeniya premises for main ions responsible for acidification and neutralization reveals that Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, NH4 +, NO3 and SO4 2- were major ions present in the samples, and further, Ca2+ and NH4 + dominated constituents for neutralization of rainwater acidity, while NO3 and SO4 2- led to high level of acidity. The regression analysis between the summation of the concentrations of NO3 and SO4 2− vs. the summation of the concentrations of Ca2+ and NH4 + reveals that there is a significant correlation with r = 0.66 for bulk precipitation although the correlation is not good for dry deposition with r = 0.38. This difference can be attributed to the different deposition rates of particulates present in ambient air. . Regression analysis applied on each variable demonstrates that, Ca2+ can be present as CaSO4 and Ca(NO3)2 and NH4 + can be present as (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Further analysis of the results of compositional variables indicates that 53.3% of SO4 2 can be explained by Ca2+ and NH4 +in bulk precipitation, among which 47.5% appears as CaSO4 and only 5.8% as (NH4)2SO4. Further, only 19% of the NO3 is explained by both Ca2+ and NH4 + out of which 6% appears as Ca(NO3)2 and 13% as NH4NO3. In dry deposition, 33.5% of SO4 2 and 95.4% NO3 were explained by the above two cationic independent parameters, and 33% of SO4 2 appears as CaSO4 and only about 0.5% as (NH4)2SO4. Among 95.4% of explained NO3 , 39.2% appears as Ca(NO3)2 and 56.2% NH4NO3. The linear regression analysis suggests that, Ca2+ is involved in a higher percentage (62.5%) for the neutralization process, whereas the involvement of NH4 + is at lower level of 37.5%.Item Acknowledgements: National Research Council (NRC TO 14-04) is gratefully acknowledged. Awareness among Sri Lankan first time mothers’ informal identification of newborns’ hearing difficulties and /or hearing disabilities by themselves(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Senanayake, S.M.A.I.Early identify of hearing difficulties and/or disabilities among newborns are very essential to provide or guide them to further management and/ or rehabilitation options as soon as possible. Hence it is vital step to natural growth of speech and language without any failures. For the study three (3) midwifes were selected by using cluster sampling method. Midwifes were asked to provide list of mothers who become first time mothers during last twelve months time. Sixty (60) mothers were selected by simple random sampling methods via the list of names which was given by midwifes of each district of western province. Selected mothers were asked to complete questioners. The questioner was mainly in two parts; including personal details and the knowledge of identification hearing difficulties among the infants. Based on the information which was given by participants data analyzed by manually. Manually analyzed data concluded that maternal awareness of the identification of hearing difficulties among infants was not affected by geographical area of the mothers or age of the mothers. But it was highly influenced by the level of education of the participants. Readiness or/ and willingness of the acceptance of the new information through professionals or social and public Medias are predisposed by Education level of the mothers‘. Even though they reached their Ordinary Level education, it was not helped to achieve satisfactory level of the score for the questionnaires regarding readiness or/ and willingness of the acceptance of the new information through professionals or social and public Medias of deification of newborns‘ hearing difficulties and /or hearing disabilities by themselves. Respectively it was below 75%. Further there should be national protocol to promote raising awareness among mothers to early identification of their newborns‘ hearing difficulties by themselves. Therefore, usage of island- wild data prevalence is must hence to create more convenient picture regarding the results of the study.Item The Adaptation and Validation of Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life (SAQOL-39) Scale for the Sinhala Language in the Sri Lankan Context.(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Karunathilake, K.M.M.G.S.L.; Rathnayake, S.; Ranawaka, U.K.Stroke and aphasia rehabilitation aims to improve the quality of life of the individuals affected. Aphasia is a disturbance of the language. Most of scales for measuring health-related quality of life in stroke exclude people with aphasia due to inability to communicate during the questionnaires. However, it is vital to identify the effect on quality of life among individuals with aphasia to provide proper rehabilitation. No reliable measure was developed in Sri Lankan context to analyze this, which became the research question of the present study. The Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 which is the commonest, valid and reliable measures was used in assessing quality of life among aphasia and it was analyzed applying to the Sri Lankan context. The following were the aims of the study, translate and adapt the (SAQOL-39) Scale for the Sinhala Language in the Sri Lankan context, identify its reliability and validity, identify the relationship between the severity level of communication and the quality of life level and analyze the most affected domain among aphasia population. The original (English) version of the SAQOL-39 has been adapted and translated using Delphi method. The sociocultural and linguistically adapted Sinhala version was administered on a group of 35 patients with aphasia to examine the test-retest reliability, inter rater reliability internal consistency reliability as well as the concurrent validity of the instrument. The inclusion criteria of the study population were as following, Aphasia resulting from a stroke at least after 6 months from the onset and not with the evidence of psychiatric illnesses and cognitive difficulty. 10 patients were used for the test retest assessment. And for the inter rater reliability assessment 2 raters were used. The Sinhala version of SAQOL-39 exhibited high test-retest reliability (ICC =0.83) as well as the inter rater reliability (ICC=0.99). This instrument exhibited high internal consistency (Chronbach's∝ =0.845) and also the concurrent validity was examined with the WHOQOL BREF and found a significant correlation between SAQOL-39 and WHOQOL-BREF (r=0.75, p=0.000). The most affected domain of the aphasia patients as the communication domain was identified through this study and it was also identified that there is a significant positive correlation (r=0.685, p=0.000) between the severity level of aphasia and quality of life. Despite the small sample size, the Sinhala version of the SAQOL-39 showed good internal consistency, inter rater reliability, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. The importance of communication ability in perceiving the quality of life in patients with aphasia has also been highlighted.Item Addition of two Trichoderma species with organic fertilizer paste - A boon for crop yield of Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. MI 5(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2022) Kalpani, N. N.; Kannangara, B. T. S. D. P.; Ratnayake, R. M. C. S.Sustainable agriculture is a farming technique that minimizes environmental impacts while providing a tenable yield. The use of organic amendments as an alternative to inorganic treatments has more significant potential to establish a self-sustaining, less expensive, and environmentally friendly agricultural system. The amalgamation of organic fertilizer with bio-controlling microorganisms is more beneficial than individual application in cropping land to enhance crop productivity. The present study was aimed to examine the influence of an organic fertilizer paste enriched with Trichoderma spp. to enhance the growth performances and yield of Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. MI 5. The organic fertilizer paste was prepared by aerobic digestion of air-dried and powdered immature twigs of the following plants; Annona glabra, Clidemia hirta, Chromolaena odorata, and Pongamia pinnata (2.0 kg each) in distilled water (42.0 L) for a month. Bio-controlling agents Trichoderma harzianum (KT852821.1) and Trichoderma virens (KP985643.1) were formulated in solid carrier material (compost, straw, clay, and cow urine; 2:1:1:1) separately. The pot trial consisted of six treatments of liquid organic fertilizer enriched with Trichoderma spp. (T10H, T10V, T20H, T20V, T25H, and T25V, where 10, 20, and 25 denote 10%, 20%, and 25% of C. odorata, A. glabra, C. hirta, and P. pinnata extract combined with H as T. harzianum and V as T. virens) with 15 replicates in a completely randomized block design. One-week-old A. esculentus L. cv. MI 5 seedlings were soil treated for 3 months (1st week - 5 mL, 2nd week - 10 mL, 3rd week - 15 mL, 4th week - 20 mL, and 100 mL). The positive and negative controls were commercial fertilizer (Maxicrop) and tap water, respectively. Shoot growth performances, root growth performances, average fresh weights, and average dry weights, and the amount of harvest of A. esculentus L. cv. MI 5 were measured after 3 months of the plantation. One-way ANOVA statistical method, along with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests were used to identify the significant differences (P≤0.05) in growth parameters among treatments using MINITAB (Version 17). T10H treatment (10 % diluted C. odorata, A. glabra, C. hirta, and P. pinnata extract only incorporated with T. harzianum) recorded significantly (P≤0.05), the highest average plant shoot height (163.6±5.40 cm), number of leaves (39±2), stem circumference (5±0.19 cm), average leaf area (309.56±1.2 cm2), root length (38±2.20 cm), the girth of the root (5.24±0.32 cm), number of lateral roots (59±2.08), fresh weight of the entire plant (146.13±16.79 g/plant), fresh weight of the root (35.53±5.82 g/plant), average dry weight of the whole plant (17.61±1.79 g/plant), dry weight of the shoot biomass (13.1±1.42 g/plant), dry weight of the root biomass (4.19±0.09 g/plant), the average number of pods per plant (30±0.24), and average fresh weight of pods (39.83±2.14 g). Therefore, T10H treatment can be successfully used as the best organic fertilizer paste enriched with T. harzianum to enhance the growth and yield of Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. MI 5.Item Addressing the Problem in Applying Recently Using Relative Humidity Equation as a Ratio of Saturation Pressures, For Closed Systems and Deriving the Correction Ratio for Closed Systems.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) De Silva, P.S.N.This article has brought to consideration a problem about the applicable situations of the recently using relative humidity equation which is in terms of saturation pressure of a system in a certain temperature and saturation pressure at dew point temperature. This equation is generally used for both open systems (space) and closed systems (fixed volumes). Though, for open systems it‘s hundred present theoretically correct under certain assumption, for closed systems it‘s not correct. Here this problem is addressed and a correction ratio has been derived to overcome the error which occurs in closed systems in the determination of relative humidity.Item Adoption of Green Information Technology in Sri Lankan Banks(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Fernando, M.I.; Wijayanayake, W.M.J.I.It is important for organizations to operate within a certain level of equilibrium where both financial and environmental performance of a business are achieved while remaining competitive. The notion of Green Information Technology is gaining considerable attention and emphasis due to its impact on cost effectiveness of business undertakings and environmental sustainability. The IT sector has taken this initiative quite early and has been working towards a sustainable development model which was later termed as the ―Green Information Technology‖. Today, Green IT has evolved to become one of the major IT initiatives that focus towards ecological sustainability. The ―Green IT Readiness‖ has sprung up as a framework as a result of this initiative to guide organization to achieve their Green objectives. The objective of this research was to study the factors that could be used to promote Green IT adoption in Sri Lankan banking sector. After critically reviewing related literature, four effective factors were identified to promote Green IT adoption, which are Awareness, Stakeholder Pressure, Administration and Technology adoption. A conceptual framework was developed using above factors and a questionnaire was developed to collect data. Employees of IT Divisions of Lanka Clear and three banks were selected for data collection. Online survey was carried out among employees of selected organizations through e-mails to validate the proposed conceptual framework. The data analysis concluded that Administration (r=0.677) and Technology adoption (r=0.673) have a Strong Positive Relationship while Awareness and Stakeholder Pressure (r=0.557) are having a Positive Moderate Relationship with Green IT adoption. Administration had the highest and Stakeholder Pressure had the lowest correlation values with Green IT adoption.Item Adsorption of Chromium (III) from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Derived from Wood Waste of Cinnamomum verum(International Postgraduate Research Conference 2019, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Samaraweera, I.D.H.T.; Rajapakse, C.S.K.Contamination of water by heavy metals has readily increased as a result of urbanization and industrialization. Among the available techniques of contaminant removal, adsorption has widely been used for the removal of various pollutants including heavy metals from water. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the potential of utilizing an agricultural waste, Cinnamomum verum wood waste, as a precursor for the production of low-cost activated carbon (AC) to use as an adsorbent for the removal of Cr (III) from aqueous solutions. First, the effect of carbonization time on production of AC derived from wood waste of Cinnamomum verum and their Cr (III) removal potential was evaluated to determine the optimum carbonization time for AC production. Cleaned and dried powdered wood waste samples (20.00 g) were carbonized at 400 °C for 30-120 minutes (30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min) and chemically activated by H3PO4. The yield of AC samples prepared at different carbonization time and their Cr removal percentages (% Cr) at pH 7 and at room temperature (30 ± 2 0C) were determined. As the highest % Cr removal (~ 90 %) was observed for the AC prepared by carbonization of wood waste at 400 °C for 60 minutes with H 3PO 4 activation, AC prepared under the given conditions were selected for batch adsorption and isotherm studies. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of the novel adsorbent was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy & Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Further, the adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proximate analysis. The effect of initial Cr (III) concentration (1.00, 3.00, 5.00, 8.00, 9.00, 12.00 mg/L), shaking time (30, 60, 90, 120,150,180 min) and adsorbent dosage (0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 g) on adsorption of Cr onto AC was then investigated by conducting batch experiments at pH 7 and at room temperature (30 ± 2 0C). According to the results the highest % Cr removal of 92.5% was obtained at initial Cr (III) concentration of 2.00 mg L-1, shaking time of 120 minutes and at adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Cr (III) on the AC derived from wood waste were tested with two adsorption isotherm models namely Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm and the results showed that the equilibrium data were better represented by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.998) with the maximum Cr adsorption capacity (q0) of 10.75 mg g −1. Therefore, the results of the study revealed that the AC derived from wood waste of Cinnamomum verum could be considered as a promising and environmentally friendly novel adsorbent for the removal of Cr from aqueous solutions including wastewater.Item Adsorptive removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solutions by sand/graphite oxide nano-composites: characterization, isotherm, and kinetic studies(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2022) Perera, W. P. R. T.; Perera, P. L. R. A.; Kumarasingha, A. R.; Liyanage, J. A.Core-shell absorbent granules were developed by coating commercial sand gravels with graphite oxide (few-layer oxidized graphene sheets). Graphite oxide (GO) is synthesized chemically from vein graphite, a rare form of high-purity natural graphite (NVG). Modified Hammer's method was followed in order to synthesize graphene oxide from the NVG. Repeated coatings of graphite oxide on the sand followed by low temperature (120 0C) thermal pyrolysis resulted in core-shell granules with a hierarchical structure in which sand gravels are covered by graphite oxide layers. Five times GO coated water stable sand/graphite oxide nano-composites (M-S/GO) were developed for further adsorption studies. The adsorption performance and mechanism of Cd (II) removal were investigated and FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and XPS were used to characterize the (M-S/GO) as spectroscopic and microscopic characterization methods. Optimization studies were carried out to find the effective pH of the media, dosage, initial concentration of Cd (II), and contact time that reached the equilibrium. Apart from that, the models of kinetics (pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order), and isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) were introduced. Characterization findings indicated that un-uniform graphene oxide coatings had been constructed on the sand surface and the surface of the nano-composite comprised of oxygen-based functional groups. Under optimum conditions (0.08 g/L of dosage, 65 mg/L initial Cd concentration, 120 min of contact time), the M-S/GO removed 93.8% of Cd (II) from simulated water at pH 8.0 (30 ± 2 ℃) and the process reached equilibrium after 120 minutes. The adsorption capacity of Cd (II) was augmented when increasing the pH of the medium up to pH=8, and then it tended to reduce. Further, the experimental data have been fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model indicating that monolayer adsorption of Cd (II) occurs on the surface of M-S/GO. Apart from that, M-S/GO had a maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) (Qmax) value for Cd (II) adsorption (16.12 mg/g) than sand and GO, the equilibrium parameter (RL) value in this study was 0.071, which indicates that Cd (II) adsorption onto the surface of the M-S/GO is favorable. The experiment kinetic data were best fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicating that Cd (II) has adsorbed onto the surface of the M-S/GO by a chemical sorption mechanism. These findings imply that M-S/GO could be used as an effective adsorbent for removing Cd (II) from contaminated water sources. More research is required to determine the reusability of M-S/GO in the adsorptive removal process.Item The Adulthood Difficulties on Childhood Physical Abuse(International Postgraduate Research Conference 2019, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Serasinghe, H.Childhood Physical abuse simply defined as brutality and other unexpected prohibit human actions that inflict pain on a child and injury or lifelong destruction to growth or work on. Further, bumps, wounds, fractures, burns, bites, poisoning, internal injuries, drowning, smothering, prohibiting, shaking and cutting were identified as the types of physical abuse. In the literature there were less researches have been done related to adulthood difficulties on physical abuse yet. The purpose of the study is to identify the adulthood difficulties on childhood physical abuse. To achieve the purpose of the research qualitative approach has been used. Further, Prisma methodology coded the content of each of the 50 journal article based on themes to identify the latent idea of the phenomena. Content analysis was used to develop the conceptual model. According to data, Substance abuse, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Antisocial behavior, Eating disorder and Attempt to suicide were identified as the direct adulthood difficulties on childhood Physical abuse. Furthermore, Sexual problems, Divorce or Separation, Decline in Socio economic status, frailer to graduate from high school were identified as the indirect adulthood difficulties on childhood physical abuse. Based on the analyzed data, it could be concluded that the victims of the childhood physical abuse are effect on adulthood difficulties directly or indirectly. Thus, further research needed to be measure the conceptualized model and difficulty which could more effect on childhood physical abuseItem The African Sri Lankans: Culture, Community and Continuity(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Mandy, L.The Afrikans* currently living in Sri Lanka are a diverse group. Some are students, some are members of diplomatic missions and embassies. Most of these Afrikans intend to return to their home countries once they have attained their goals in Sri Lanka. Those Afrikans who have lived in Sri Lanka for most if not all of their lives have a different and fascinating history. It starts with their origins, which are often unclear. It continues with the name used to classify them- ‗Kaffir‘ (Kapiri in Sinhala)- which is a derogatory term. This history includes the capture, forced migration, and enslavement of their ancestors by Afrikan, Arab, Portuguese, Dutch, and British profiteers and by wealthy Sri Lankan and Indian royalty, merchants, and landholders. It continues with success in surviving and prospering in a foreign land amidst differing cultures, languages, and holding a different status within the caste systems in Sri Lanka. And as we view the Afrikan Sri Lankans today, we see them in communities in various parts of Sri Lanka. They are continuing to assimilate successfully into the larger society while, in many cases, retaining distinctive Afrikan physical features and cultural forms. This presentation discusses the Afrikan Sri Lankans through an Afrikancentered lens that focuses on their history, present situations, and futures from their own perspective. Afrikan-centered theory uses Afrikan values as theoretical and experiential frameworks through which to understand the trials and triumphs of Afrikan peoples wherever they are found. Photos of members of the various communities will be used to illustrate aspects of the assimilation and acculturation processes in which they are engaged. Questions that remain unanswered regarding their past will be raised and discussed. *The spelling of ‗Afrikans‘ with a ‗k‘ rather than with a ‗c‘ as in ‗Africans‘ is purposely done. Its use is explained in the paper.Item Analysis of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of clinically significant Staphylococcus aureus at a Base Hospital, Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Wijesooriya, L.I.; Jayawardana, G.P.C.; de Silva, S.H.N.A.INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus. is a major organism that causes skin and soft tissue infections. Moreover, it causes an array of other infections. It is treated with flucloxacillin/cloxacillin. However, a significant proportion of S. aureus has developed resistance to flucloxacillin/cloxacillin; hence, they are termed as MRSA. Though MRSA is likely to present in hospital settings, it has crept to the community as well. Accordingly, the number of MRSA infections is increasing.OBJECTIVE: To analyze theantibiotic sensitivity (ABST) pattern of clinicallysignificant S. aureus. METHOD: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conductedover one year from 01/08/2017 to 31/07/2018involving patients infectedwith S. aureus in Base Hospital, Wathupitiwala. Demographic & clinical data & ABST results were analyzed. ABST (John Stokes method) was performed for chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, linezolid, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, clindamycin, teicoplanin & vancomycin. MRSA was identified using cefoxitin disc. The ABST pattern of MSSA was compared with that of MRSA. Statistical analysis was done via the R programming language (level of significance P<0.05). RESULTS: Of 210 patients,48 % (101/210) were males while 52% (109/210) were females. In study cohort,88.1% (185/210) was inpatients & the rest (11.9% - (25/210)) was outpatients. Of the isolated S. aureus, 42.9% (90/210) were from pus, 14.8% (31/210) from blood, 29.5% (62/210) from sputum & 12.4% (26/210) from urine. As per ABST, 69.1% (145/210) was MRSA & 31% (65/210) was MSSA. Sensitivity of MSSA was 84.6% (11/13) for chloramphenicol, 62.3% (33/53) for gentamicin, 55.8% (29/52) for ciprofloxacin, 68.9% (31/45) for clindamycin, 45.7% (21/46) for erythromycin, 84.2%(16/19) for nitrofurantoin, 69.2%(27/39) for fusidic acid, 92.1%(35/38) for linezolid, 74.6%(41/55) for co-trimoxazole, 84.6%(33/39) for teicoplanin & 92.3%(60/65) for vancomycin. Sensitivity of MRSA was 83.3% (20/24) for chloramphenicol, 35.6% (32/90) for gentamicin, 24.6% (30/122) for ciprofloxacin, 34.1% (42/123) for clindamycin, 8.0% (9/112) for erythromycin, 75%(12/16) for nitrofurantoin,65.8%(73/111) for fusidic acid, 99%(96/97) for linezolid, 58.9%(76/129) for co-trimoxazole, 87%(80/92) for teicoplanin & 98.5%(134/136) for vancomycin. Sensitivity of MRSA was significantly low compared to the sensitivity of the MSSA against erythromycin (P = 0.000), ciprofloxacin (P = 0.000), clindamycin (P = 0.000) & gentamicin (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Skin & soft tissue infections were the most common infections caused by S. aureus. MRSA rates were alarmingly high in the study cohort. Less than 50% of MRSA were sensitive to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, & clindamycin and it was significantly low compared to the sensitivity of MSSA against same antibiotics. Vancomycin and linezolid are effective empiric antibiotics for both MSSA & MRSA.Item Analysis of Cause and Effect of Boko Haram Insurgency in North-East Nigeria(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Baba, I.This work analyzed the causes of Boko Haram insurgency in North-East Nigeria. It examined the effects of the insurgency in the same region of the country. The research was carried out with the use of library based documentation analysis, and with the use of secondary sources of data collection. Academic write-ups in journals, magazines, newspapers, periodicals, reading manuals as well as internet based information provided the data utilized in this research. The research found out that Boko Haram insurgency in North-East Nigeria was incubated and hatched by both remote and immediate causes. Remote causes of the insurgency as this research discovered include illiteracy, poverty and unemployment among the youth in the region. The research also found out that alleged extra judicial killings of some of the sect members and summary execution of its leader during its first combatant confrontation with the Nigerian government forces in Markas and other areas in Maiduguri the Borno state capital in July 2009, triggered a full blown insurgency in the North-East region of Nigeria. The rise in number the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), as well as grave waste of lives and properties were some of the effects of the insurgency in this region of Nigeria. This research made a number of recommendations among which the rehabilitation of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and the establishment of an independent commission to rebuild the North-East region especially Borno and Yobe States which were the seriously affected states in the region.