Basic Principles

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Using intelligent techniques for widening scope of real world problem solving
(2002) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.
This paper presents a real world application where intelligent techniques have given promising results when statistical methods fail. Here we have considered the domain of Ayurvedic classification of individuals. Ayurvedic classification on individuals is based on analysis of a questionnaire. The questionnaire has been used over many years without any research into its improvement. So, classification using this method is still vague and subjective. An intelligent hybrid system has been developed to recognize human constituents. The system consists of modules using two intelligent techniques, namely, Fuzzy logic and Expert system. The statistical analysis on questionnaire of pilot study shows that principal component (PC) are not significant to consider. However, according to intelligent system developed, there is a significant difference between what we conclude with PC analysis and without PC analysis, provided that intelligent technique of Fuzzy logic is used. This is an interesting result that shows limitation of statistical techniques and how intelligent systems can be used for improving decision making.
Buddhist Sinhala Literature: A Brief Historical Survey
(First International Seminar on Buddhism and Literature, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Nalanda, India, 2002) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
It is believed that Sinhala language came to Sri Lanka with the original migrants. According to the Mahåv,oüsa, the great chronicle of Sri Lanka they who came from Bengal, Magadha and Kälinga are traditionally considered to be the founders of the Sinhala nation. They spoke Indo-Aryan local languages depending on the areas from which they migrated. Further, the Mahäva?üsa states that King Vijaya (dh century BC) communicated (MV.vi.51) with kings in India to arrange marriages, etc. and for this commonly understood language and script would have been required. It proves that original migrants also brought with them the Brähnzi script. Later, the 'Sinhala Language" came to be influenced by Pali, which is the language in which the Buddhist canonical writings were preserved. It can be accepted because, it is believed that Ven. Mahinda brought the commentaries, which was in Pali and was translated in to Sinhala by him self (Hettiarachchi, Introduction p.6) Later, in Anuradhapura period both Sanskrit and Pali appear to have influenced the Sinhalese. New sounds were added to the language as words were taken into Sinhalese both as derivatives and in the pure form. Verse however remained "Elu" or pure Sinhalese. Further, it is also to be considered that Siyabas/akara and Elu Sandas Lageuna too refer to earlier works and on poetics shows us that there must have been an earlier literature which is lost to us. Here it is a brief historical study on Buddhist Sinhala Literature. Considering the easy way to make the discussion, the method has been föllowed here is after having mentioned about Sinhalese Inscriptions, Sinhalese Commentary Literature and Sigiri Graffiti, history of Sinhalese literature has been discussed according to the periods called Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Damhadeniya etc. That is also has to be limited from the beginning up to Kotte Period (15 h century AD). Periods have named according to the changing of the capital in the history,
A Comparative Study Based on Päli Literature and Mahäbhärata
(National Seminar on Buddhism in Literature, Santiniketan, India, 2002) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
Human beings are mostly organized to sole the problems they face. As a group, they organize themselves to live In various situations. And noteworthy personals arise because each and everybody dose not have secluded enough knowledge. Those kinds of personals are considered as wiser than the common people. They might have been named as 'Isi' or 'Rsi' and meaning as "Seers" "Seers who sees better than the others or "who proceeds". It is true, according to the Bhagavadgtta they are awakened while other beings are sleeping (yå ni'ä sarvabhfitänalfl tasyäy;z )ägarti sayilyamt Mbh.vi.26.69) So far as we know the concept of Rsi has been drawn smce remote past, of which exact time can not be mentioned. Here it is a brief discussion about isi and reflected in both Buddhist and Hindu traditions. Therefore, we have discussed here only about few main point, which can be seen in Pali Canon and Commentaries and has been compared with Hindu view, which Can be seen in the Mahabharata. As an introduction to the concept of rsi the Rgveda draws attention at its beginning.
The Friendly Science of the Nature
(National Seminar on Relevance of Ayurveda, Department of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 2003) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
Ayurveda, the most ancient medical system, valid up to date, is 'a special branch of knowledge on life dealing with both body and mind.'l The word Ayurveda has been originated with the two constituents, 'Ayus' and 'Veda'. The former 'Ayus' derived from the root f' (to go), and therefore, the meaning of the term 'Åyus' is 'continuity Of existence', Simply, 'Jivita' or 'life'. The later 'Veda' derived from the root 'Vid' (to know), and means 'Knowledge 'or 'Science'. Hence, the literary meaning Of Ayurveda is 'The Science of Life'.
A Brief Study On The Milindapanha: In The View of History of Ayurveda
(Symposium on Buddhist Studies, Twentieth Anniversary Commemoration Volume, Thames Buddhist Vihara, 2003) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
The Milindapanha is the work, which records. the Questions asked by the king my India and • the answers given by the Venerable Nagasena. Some traditions like BUrmese have given more importance to the Milindapanha," which has been treated as a canonical text. 1 They treat it-as a book of the K/yuddakanikaya, the fifth'. division of the Suffapifaka. Even in India, some scholars consid& the Milindapanha as a book of the Khuddakanikaya.2 The Milindapanha, according to the Sri Lankan tradition, 'is not included in the Khuddakanikaya and has been treated as an important non-canonical work.
Feeling (Vedana) in the Mahanidana Sutta and in the Charakasamhita: A Comparative Study
(Second Annual Conference on Indian Society For Buddhist Studies, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2003) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
It may be noted, in brief, that all the systems of Philosophy, religion and medicine have been originated out of the search of the method to relieve the feeling, which is un-delight. The Buddha says, "Health is the greatest of gifts" (Arogya paramä /äbhä).l Ayurveda came into existence to eliminate pain and suffering of the living being. Charaka says that the cause for all the pursuits: Dharma (religion), Artha (wealth), Keirna (desire) and (liberation) is the health.3 Therefore, it is an interesting fact that there is a similarity, on the concept Of Vedanå, between the Buddhism, being a religion and a philosophy based on the theory of cause and the Carakasmilhitå, being a medical treatise based on Hindu philosophy, especially VaiQ5ika philosophy. The discussion has been made here, to examine the similarity between both Buddhism and the Cara/easamhitä, on Vedanå. Sources are mainly, for the study, has been treated as the Mahänidåna sutta of Dighanikäya and artrastbåna of the Cara/easatilhitä. Besides, some passages like from Vedanåsapüyntta of Smüyuttanikäya and Sntrasthäna of the Carakasamhitå also have been cited for further clarification. The Mahånidana sutta is a discourse of the Buddha, included in the
Modeling of Tacit Knowledge
(2003) Mendis D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samarathunga, U.
Tacit knowledge has always been influential in changing the directions and emphasis of explicit models of knowledge. All explicit knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge. Due to these reasons modelling of tacit knowledge is of great interest. A research has been conducted to develop an approach to model tacit knowledge. In this research, we have used Artificial Intelligence technique of fuzzy logic for developing an approach to model tacit knowledge. We have considered domain of “Ayurvedic” medicine as a case study domain with tacit knowledge. Tacit knowledge in Ayurvedic sub-domain of individual classification has been acquired through a questionnaire and analysed to identify the dependencies, which lead to make tacit knowledge in the particular domain. In the first place analysis was done using statistical techniques of principle components and the results were not compatible with the experiences of Ayurvedic experts. As such, fuzzy logic has been used to further model the Ayurvedic subdomain. The result of the modelling of Ayurvedic domain using fuzzy logic has been compatible with the experiences of the Ayurveic experts. A framework for modelling tacit knowledge has been integrated with an expert system shell thereby enabling the development of expert systems for domains with tacit knowledge. Framework has been successfully applied for several tacit domains.
Bhisakko Sallakatto : Buddha as a Psychic Surgeon
(All India Oriental Conference, 41st Session, Sri Jagannath Sanskrith Vishvavidyalaya. Puri, 2003) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
Surgery. Salla Tikiccä pre-held in Asian health management since olden days. Despite the technique and other accessories , which are now being followed in the modern times. as a surgeon may be strikingly amazing. The apposition of the Buddha as Bhiéäkko Sallakatto is however significant. A surgeon usually drains out pus and black blood of the boils and tumors. He further uses the sürgic.a,i appliances to cleave amputee the anirnate organs and transplant, the better one if required, On this background Gautama Buddha was efficient to redress the psychic ex-orders of the animate beings. So that, the turbidity and hindrances, which becomes a source of mental suffering where surgically operated by his own uncommon techniques.
The Use of Vyäyäma or Physical Exercise, Prescribed in Ayurveda: Special Reference to Sri Lankan Medical Text
(Sportsmedcon-2004 and International Seminar on Science and Medicine in Sports at the Grassroot Level, Department of Physical Education, Vinaya Bhavana, Visva- Bharati, West Bengal Association of Sports Medicine- Kolkata, 2004) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
Vyäyäma or Physical Exercise is quite essential for a person to maintain his normal health. Also it helps to carry out daily tasks with energy and attentiveness, without undue tiredness, and with ample vigor. Ayurveda also has given an importance to the physical exercise or Vyäyäma considering the maintenance of good health. The consequences resulting from physical exercise are not only lightness of body, capacity for work, collectedness, power of enduring hardship; but also it removes of all imperfections and augmentation of the digestive fire, which is very much need for the balance of three humors which otherwise causes illness. Nevertheless, the intelligent person should never indulge in physical exercise as, according to Ayurveda, it results in fatigue, faintness, loss of vigor, thirst asthma, consumption, fever and attacks of cold. Further, the time, when the physical exercise to be done, is also to be highly considered. The use of the physical exercise, according to Ayurveda, can be included in both preventive and curative methods. We, therefore, hope to discuss in this paper the use of physical exercise according to Ayurveda, mainly the Vrddhatrayi (the Carakasahhitä, the Sugrutasamhitä and the Astäigahrdayasafflhitä) with special reference to Sri Lankan medical texts like the Särärthasahgrahaya, the Bhesajamanjüsä and the Yogärpa vaya and the Prayogaratnaväliya).
Paritta Or Pirit As A Healing Power
(International Conference On Contribution Of Buddhism To The World Culture, 2004, K J somaiya centre for Buddhhist Studies, Mumbai, India & Nalanda Mahavihara Bihar India & Otani University – Kyoto, Japan (2004), 2004) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
Pirit — chanting is a very popular ritual among the Buddhists of Sri Lanka; no important function domestic or social, can be considered complete without this ritual. The essence ofthepiritceremony consists in the ritualistic chanting ofceftain Pali canon, collected and arranged in a particular order in the Catubhäpavü•apäli_ It is, among the common people in Sri Lanka, known as "Pirit— Poti'. The content of the Pirit —chanting varies according to the situation for what it is to be chanted. Suppose, the A Ikulimäa sutta is chanted only in an occasion of blessing to a pregnant. Pirit is very essential ritual in Sri Lanka which starts from the womb and continue up to the tomb and thereafter. Therefore, on one hand, Pirit chanting, is a ritual which can be compared with the Sarpskä•a ritual in Hinduism, and on the other, it is very much popular as a healing power chanted to recover from illness. Pirit is a collective term designating as set of protective chants or runes sanctioned by the Buddha for the use ofboth laymen and monks. As the term itselfdenotes the meaning safety, the ceremonial recital of it is believed to warding offall forms ofvipatti, the even evil influence of planets, spirits, etc. The use of protective spells against various dangers has been a common practice among the Indians from very early times. The Buddha himselfis said to have adopted the practice on several occasions. The public recitation of the Ratana Sutta at Vesali is the best known instance. The Khandha, Atanatiya, and the Metta Sutta have received the sanction of Buddha himself We, therefore, hope to discuss, in this paper, how Pirit is used in Sri Lankan society as a healing power.
Diuretic activity of Spilanthes acmella flowers in rats
(2004) Ratnasooriya, W.D.; Peiris, K.P.P.; Samaratunga, U.; Jayakody, J.R.A.C.
ln the Sri Lankan traditional medicine. Spilanthes acmella Murr. (Family: Compositae) flowers are claimed to possess powerful diuretic activity. However, as yet, the diuretic potential of these flowers is not investigated by scientifically controlled studies. The aim of rhis study was to evaluate the diuretic potential of Spilanthes acmella flowers in rats using a cold-water extract (CWE). Difl-erent concentrations of CWE (-500. 1 000, I 500 mgArg) or vehiclc or furoscmide ( 13 mg/kg) were orally administered (// : 6 per each treatrrent -uroLrp) to hydrated rats and their urine output was monitored at several intervals of time (l*-5h). The highest dose of CWE significantly (P < 0.0-5) and markedly increased the urine output. The onset of this diurctic actjon was extremeiy prompt (within I h) and lasted thror-rghoLlt the stuciied pedocl (up to -5 h). The peak efTect was evident between 1 and 2 h. Further, the intensity of diLrresis induced by the CWE in the first hi..ur rvas almost simiiar to that of furosemide. Spilanthes acmella CWE also caused marked increase in urinary Na+ and K+ levels and a reduction in the osmolarity of urine suggesting that it is mainly acting as a loop diuretic. lt may also inhibit ADH release and/or action. It is concluded that the Spilanthes acmella CWE has strong diuretic action as is claimed.
The use of vyäyäma or physical Exercise, Prescribed in Ayurveda
(Journal of Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, Volume 02, No.01, June-2005, 2005) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
Ayurveda also gives an importance to the physical exercise for the maintenance of good health. According to Ayurveda the consequences resulting from physical exercise are not only lightness of the body capacity for work, coilectedness, power of enduring hardsh ip; but also it removes of all imperfections and augmentation of the digestive fire. Therefore, vyaydma has both the values: preventive and curative.
Social Conditions Reflected in Sanskrit Inscriptions of Sri Lanka
(The International Conference on Dhamma and Abhidhamma, K.J Somiya Centre For Buddhist Studies, India (2006), 2006) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
Sri Lanka possesses one of the largest collections of inscription in South Asia, nearly four thousand of them dating from the 3 century BC. Beside inscriptions written m Sinhala language in its various stages of development, a few inscriptions written in Sanskrit and Pali have also been found. Scripts used in these Sanskrit inscriptions are Sinhala, Grantha or Devanagari. Some inscriptions which have been written In another language and consist of Sanskrit verse/ s (éloka/s) or prose portions are remains in the same scripts in which the partlcular inscription IS written. The oldest Inscription in Sanskrit (Kuccaveli rock Inscription-about 7t century AC. (EZ.III.1933, pp. 158-161) hitherto found in Sri Lanka has been written in the Grantha script while the longest inscription in Sanskrit (Abhayagiri slab inscription about 9 century AC. (EZ.I.1912, pp.1-9) has been written in the Devanagari script. An inscription in fragmentary form, belonging to 12 to 1315 century AC., however, provides information of a secular nature. Almost all the other inscriptions written in Sanskrit deal with topics relating to Buddhist Culture.
Tacit Knowledge modeling in Intelligent Hybrid Systems
(2007) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunanda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.; Ratnayake, U.
Knowledge modelling gives the intention of knowledge engineering which applicable for managing information systems. Tacit knowledge is the key issue of knowledge modelling aspect because all knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge. This paper presents a research, which is incorporated of modelling of tacit knowledge. Here we have used an Intelligent Hybrid system for developing an approach for modelling tacit knowledge. The Intelligent Hybrid system is involved with artificial intelligent techniques, namely fuzzy logic and expert system technology. We primarily used fuzzy logic together with statistical technique of principle component analysis for modelling tacit domains. Tacit knowledge in Ayurvedic sub-domain of individual classification has been acquired through a questionnaire and analysed to identify the dependencies, which lead to make tacit knowledge in the particular domain. In the first place analysis was done using statistical techniques of principle components and the results were not compatible with the experiences of Ayurvedic experts. As such, fuzzy logic has been used to further model the Ayurvedic sub-domain. The result of the modelling of Ayurvedic domain using fuzzy logic has been compatible with the experiences of the Ayurvedic experts. It has shown 77% accuracy in using the tacit knowledge for reasoning in the relevant domain. The development has been done using Visual basic, FLEX expert system shell and the system runs on Windows platform. The Intelligent Hybrid system has been successfully applied for several tacit domains. Performances were very close to handling tacit knowledge by the human expert in tacit domain
An approach to the development of commonsense knowledge modeling system for disaster management
(Springer, 2007) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.; Rathnayake, U.
Knowledge is the fundamental resource that allows us to function intelligently. Similarly, organizations typically use different types of knowledge to enhance their performance. Commonsense knowledge that is not well formalized modelling is the key to disaster management in the process of information gathering into a formalized way. Modelling commonsense knowledge is crucial for classifying and presenting of unstructured knowledge. This paper suggests an approach to achieving this objective, by proposing a three-phase knowledge modelling approach. At the initial stage commonsense knowledge is converted into a questionnaire. Removing dependencies among the questions are modelled using principal component analysis. Classification of the knowledge is processed through fuzzy logic module, which is constructed on the basis of principal components. Further explanations for classified knowledge are derived by expert system technology. We have implemented the system using FLEX expert system shell, SPSS, XML and VB. This paper describes one such approach using classification of human constituents in Ayurvedic medicine. Evaluation of the system has shown 77% accuracy
An approach to develop Multi Techniques Integrated Expert System for Diagnosis of Human Constitutions
(2008) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.
This paper presents a multi techniques integrated expert system for diagnosis of Prakurthi in Ayurvedic medicine. The present mechanisms used for diagnosis of Prakurthi, which is considered, as classification of human constitutions and is inconsistent about its findings. Therefore a research has been conducted to reduce such inconsistencies using an expert system. In this issue multi techniques integrated expert system has been implemented for addressing the problem. Statistical technique and fuzzy logic have been described as multi techniques involved in the expert system. Tacit knowledge has always been influential to change the directions and emphasis of explicit models of knowledge. All explicit knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge. Due to these reasons modelling of tacit knowledge is of great interest. Tacit knowledge in Ayurvedic sub-domain of individual classification has been acquired through a questionnaire and analysed to identify the dependencies, which lead to make tacit knowledge in the particular domain. In the first place analysis was done using statistical techniques of principal components and the results were not compatible with the experiences of Ayurvedic experts. As such, fuzzy logic has been used to further model the Ayurvedic sub-domain. The result of the modelling of Ayurvedic domain using fuzzy logic has been compatible with the experiences of the Ayurvedic experts. A framework for diagnosis of human constitutions has been integrated with an expert system shell thereby enabling the development of expert systems for domains with tacit knowledge. Currently, it has been integrated with FLEX expert system shell.
Mahäyäna Concepts in Sri Lankan Literature (A brief literary review)
(Buddhist Culture in Asia: unity in Diversity, Vol. 1, Somiya Publications Pvt. Ltd (2008), 2008) Ven. Dhammissara, M.
The Sri Lankan history of Nikäyas and the conflicts among them are of great attraction in the historical Buddhist academic discipline. Depending on royal sponsorship, particular Nikäyas have shown rise and fall in different eras. In many occasions, the Nikäya with royal patronage reached the pinnacle of its development, even as it attempted to destroy the opposing Nikäyas. Although historical evidence reveals that the Thera tradition (sthaviraväda), which took firm root quite early in Sri Lankan Budhist history, eventually surpassed other Nikäyas, we still find elements of other Nikäyas which are blended into the Sri Lankan culture. In this discussion, special attention will be paid to analyse Mahäyäna elements in Sri Lankan literature.
Development of fuzzy expert systems for Tacit knowledge modeling in strategic decision -making
(2012) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samarathunga, U.
Knowledge modelling gives the intention of knowledge engineering which is applicable for managing information systems. Tacit knowledge is the key issue of knowledge modelling aspect because all knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge. In recognizing knowledge as a new resource in gaining organizational competitiveness, knowledge management suggests a method in managing and applying knowledge for improving organizational performance. Much knowledge management research has focused on identifying, storing, and disseminating process related knowledge in an organized manner. Applying knowledge to decision making has a significant impact on organizational performance than solely processing transactions for knowledge management. This paper presents a research that incorporates modelling of tacit knowledge for strategic decision-making. Here we have used fuzzy expert system for developing an approach for modelling tacit knowledge. We primarily used fuzzy logic together with statistical technique of principal component analysis as techniques for modelling tacit domains. Tacit knowledge in Ayurvedic sub-domain of individual classification has been acquired through a questionnaire and analysed to identify the dependencies, which lead to make tacit knowledge in the particular domain. It has shown 77% accuracy in using the tacit knowledge for reasoning in the relevant domain.
An approach to the development of commonsense knowledge modelling systems for land selection
(2012) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.
The land use methods which are ergonomically and environmentally appropriate are determined first and foremost by characteristics and location. For instance, land selection in architectural construction domain is considered as an area in land use methods, which involves commonsense knowledge of architects. This is because land selection criteria are very personal and there is no theory behind how it should be done. Sometime, there are too many redundancies in the process selection of lands. In this paper we present an approach to modeling commonsense knowledge in a sub field of architecture domain of land selection to come up with land classifications as psychological, physical and social events. This gives three-phase knowledge modeling approach for modeling commonsense knowledge in, which enables holistic approach for land selection. At the initial stage commonsense knowledge is converted into a questionnaire. Removing dependencies among the questions are modeled using principal component analysis. Classification of the knowledge is processed through fuzzy logic module, which is constructed on the basis of principal components. Further explanations for classified knowledge are derived by expert system technology. This paper describes one such approach using classification of human constituents in Ayurvedic medicine. Evaluation of the system has shown 77% accuracy.
Girimananda Sutta: Holistic Approach for development of commonsense knowledge system in clinical psychology
(2012) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samarathunga, U.
The Buddhists believe that Girimananda sutta has some unseen power in healing the sick. In one of the discourses known as Girimananda Sutta, the Buddha talks about the causes of sickness and disease as originating from an imbalance of bile (pita), phlegm (kapha), wind (vata), from conflict of the humours, from changes of weather, from adverse condition (which here mearls faulty deportment), from devices, fi'om the result of kamma (kamma-vipaka); cold, heat, hunger, thirst, excrement, and urine. Ayurvedic medicine is prepared on the grounds of ill-balance ofthese constituents in a person. Ayurvedic medicine has a.very strong bearing on the concept of Prakurthi, which means nature (natural fo.m) of the build and constitution of the human body. Ayurvedic clinical psychology forms the clinical core of mental health counseling. According Ayurvedic medical practises, a person is dominatedon one of constitutes type (type of dosa)namely vata (vayu), pita (apo) or kapha (semha/.This is known as prakurthi pariksha. Important aspect of identification of constitute type is for diagnosis of mental diseases, because each ofconstituent type has a list ofprobable mental diseases. An important areaof expertise for many clinical psychologists is psychological assessment. Constructions of Information systems using psychological assessment in clinical psychology have a problem of effective communication because of implicit knowledge. This complicates the effective communication of clinical data to the psychologist in support of clinical psychology. The airn of the approach is to identify the influences of developing commonsense knowledge systems for psychological assessments in clinical psychology. The objectives should a) contribute to a better understanding of the transformation processes in commonsense knowledge related with concept of Prakurthi evolved by Girimananda Sutta and b) provide effective communication of data to the user in real-time machine processing in support of clinical psychology. In this paper we present a methodology to develop commonsense knowledge system in clinical psychology. At the initial stage commonsense knowledge relevant to dosa is converted into a questionnaire. Removing dependencies among the questions are modeled using principal component analysis. Classification for degre e of dasa is processed throughfuzry logic module, which is constructed on the basis of principal components" Further explanations for classified knowledge are derived by expert system technology. Evaluation of the system has shown 77% accuracy.