ISSRS 2019

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Assessing the Role of India in SAARC as a Regional Power
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Subarathne, P.R.S.M.
Regional Organizations are very important things in the world. The World has already developed on economically, politically, military power in the world. Among organizations, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation or (SAARC) is very important in the South Asian region. SAARC is a manifestation of the determination of the people of South Asia to work together towards finding the solution to their common problems in a spirit of friendship, trust and understanding create and order based on mutual respect, equity and shared benefits. SAARC is an economic and geopolitical organization. That was established to promote socio- economic development, stability and welfare economics and collective self- reliance within its member nation. It was included by eight countries. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Maldives. India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. It is the second-most populous country and the most populous democracy in the world. India is the largest economy in SAARC. There by having the highest influence in economic matters, political matters. Also in terms of geography, land size, population and political clout, India dominates SAARC. The real role is to ensure stability, peace and development in the South Asian Region. Hence, this study focuses on did India fulfill its responsibilities in SAARC as a regional power. This study is a qualitative research which utilizes secondary data collected from previous studies and books. India is playing the role of a big brother in the formation and functioning of SAARC. We can identify India’s role in SAARC. From that we can go in to the SAARC has already succeed or not. On the time of its establishment SAARC was facing many problems. The relationship of India and Pakistan has especially affected the way of SAARC. The main problems in the way of SAARC are, Tension between India and Pakistan, Interference of superpowers, Political disturbance, Terrorism. Accordingly India has a big responsible for resolving these problems in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
BREXIT: Economic Implications for Sri Lanka and the Way Forward
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Wisidagama, W.D.D.Shevoni
The European Union (EU) is the largest trading block in the world, accounting for around one third of global trade. Therefore, when the United Kingdom (UK) voted to leave the European Union in 2016 referendum, it presented significant implications to the economy of the rest of the world. Sri Lanka shares strong trade relations with the EU compared to other trading blocs in the world and the involvement of Sri Lanka with the UK is considerably higher than its involvement with any other EU country, annual trade with the UK amounting to over ten percent. Hence, it is evident that Brexit would bring about changes to trade relations Sri Lanka enjoys with the UK at present. Thus, this study aims to examine the challenges that Sri Lanka might encounter in the post Brexit context by analysing the current relations between Sri Lanka and the UK and the Brexit process. Further, the study explores the changes that should be made to the current trade policies of Sri Lanka to strengthen its trade relations with the UK. The methodology of this study includes qualitative methods which gathered statistical data from secondary sources to calculate the impact of Brexit on trade relations between Sri Lanka and the UK. The findings of this study illustrate that Brexit could prompt a drop in demand for Sri Lankan goods in the UK post Brexit and that there could be changes in tariff access to the UK, reducing Sri Lankan exports to the UK. The study identifies that Brexit negatively impacts the economy of Sri Lanka and suggests making policy changes to strengthen economic relations of Sri Lanka with the UK to overcome post Brexit challenges.
Challenges and Barriers for the Reconciliation in the Post War Period of Sri Lanka (Special Reference to Northern Province)
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Hettiarachchi, Sadeepa Randunu
The Sri Lankan government engaged in a war with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). And they declared the end of the 30 years’ war with LTTE on May 2009. After the end of the war, reconciliation has become the first task of the peacebuilding discourse in Sri Lanka. Although the civil war has finished through the war victory, the ethnic conflict is still going on with the absence of physical violation movements with each other. But there are great possibilities for a restoration of the civil war. Hence, it is necessary to distinguish the major factors which will lead to a reproduction of war in the future. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify the challenges and barriers for the reconciliation in the post-war period of Sri Lanka. This study has used questionnaires to gather the primary data and previous research, books, online web articles were used as secondary data. The survey was conducted in the Vavuniya district with a total sample of 100 and it represented Sinhala, Tamil and Muslim ethnicities. According to the findings, it was found that the possible factors for the restoration of civil war in the future are the lack of consensus within the political actors of government regarding the post-war reconciliation; the lack of confidence among the ethnic groups about the policies of reconciliation; the contradictory policies among the government, NGOs, civil society organizations and international community for the reconciliation mechanism; and the inequalities of government policies regarding language. Although the war has ended, still Sri Lanka has failed to eliminate the risk of war in the future. Therefore, the lack of a formal mechanism of national and international policies for the reconciliation can identify as a decisive factor for the reproduction of civil war in the future.
China’s Economic Diplomacy on Small States (Special Reference to Sri Lanka)
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Gunathilaka, Chanika
The Economic Diplomacy of China has significantly expanded in recent years. They practiced the term of economic diplomacy through soft power in order to achieve their strategic aims and objectives. China mostly maintains ties with the small states because of their vulnerability in the international arena and they can be captured easily. Sri Lanka as a small state that is situated in a strategic location in Indian Ocean has experienced significant Chinese involvement in Sri Lanka. However, the economic linkage with China shows different impacts on Sri Lanka. Furthermore, those economic relations made up countless difficulties, threats, and challenges as well. The objective of this article is to highlight a theoretical presentation of the realist framework in order to analyse Chinese foreign economic diplomacy under the economic relations with Sri Lanka emphasis on aid, investment and commercial agreements and to discover the negative and positive impact of China’s economic diplomacy on Sri Lanka as a small state in the Indian Ocean. This research is based on a qualitative data, including secondary data from the books, articles, website and journals. This article will show that debt trap crisis has seriously affected Sri Lanka in recent years due to the Chinese aids and investments. The study concludes that China’s aim is to act as a respected world leader in the region in order to increase its role in the international system.
Comparative Analysis between the Foreign Policy of Sirimavo Bandaranaike and J. R. Jayawardhana: Special Reference to South Asia
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Fernando, U.G.G.
Foreign policy encompasses the tactics and process by which a nation interacts with other nations in order to further its interests. Political parties form the basis for the views of political leaders in the states. This study is mainly focused on the foreign policy of Sri Lanka in South Asia under Sirimavo Bandaranaike and J. R. Jayawardhana. The study will discuss similarities and differences under two different leaderships. To achieve aforesaid objectives, qualitative approach has been used and secondary data is the main type of data obtained from various sources such as books, journal articles, newspapers and other relevant documents available in both printed and electronic versions. Through the study, it has been identified that during the period of Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka attempted to balance East-West interests and maintain neutrality. The Sirima-Shasthri pact in 1964 which is known as the Republic of India and the Dominion of Ceylon which focused on the citizenship of workers of Indian Origin in Ceylon was a significant incident at that time. On the other hand, J.R. Jayawardhana’s foreign policy was aligned with the West. But the establishment of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) can be considered as a mean J.R Jayawardhana utilized to diversify his foreign policy refocusing his attention to regionalism. The 1987 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was a mile stone in the relations between India and Sri Lanka, which led to the amendment of Sri Lankan constitution. However, both leaders were careful to maintain good neighborly relations with India without antagonize it.
Finding the Actual Reasons for Terrorism in the Middle East
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Kaushalya, E.K.Jayani
Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation, particularly against civilians, to make a concern in a very population and to bring forth a specific political objective. There are 15 countries in the Middle East region. The phenomenon of terrorism is not new to the Middle East region. The Middle East region is the birthplace of many terrorist organizations. Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda, Hamas, ISIS and the Taliban are the main terrorist groups which are implementing their terrorist activities in the Middle East region. The form and source of such terrorist activities in the Middle East have varied. The most dangerous component during this geographical region, terrorist threat is that the state‐ sponsored activities of the Middle East nations such as Iran, Libya, Syria, and Iraq. This study shows that the political exclusion and repression of the Islamist movements, political instability and religious extremism have contributed to the adoption of terrorist activities in the Middle East. The main objective of this study is to identify the real reasons for terrorism in the Middle East. The methodology that has followed in the study is qualitative in nature while only based on secondary sources of data like books, journal articles, reports, institutional and official documents. The findings of the study demonstrate that the real reasons for terrorism in the Middle East created reasons or not? To resolve this critical dilemma in the Middle East is essential for policies to be effective and promote democracy. And this will strengthen the relationships between the Middle East countries and the world.
The Foreign Policy of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Chamathka, I.W.P.
Subsequent to the extremist suicide bombing on Easter Sunday 2019, national security became the key priority in Sri Lanka. In the meantime, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, former Defense Secretary and the Secretary of the Urban Development Authority, was elected as the seventh Executive President of Sri Lanka. Majority feared that Sri Lanka would lose its sovereignty by signing the Millennium Challenge Corporation agreement during the presidential election campaign Thus, Gotabaya Rajapaksa should pay close attention to the implementation of his foreign policy. Accordingly, this research will look at what are the potential challenges to the implementation of his foreign policy. However, as stated in his manifesto, it has been pledged to choose Sri Lanka as the basis of a friendly, non-aligned foreign policy. He has emphasized that he is committed to safeguarding Sri Lanka's sovereignty by making direct decisions and not by favoring powerful states. It is further stated that regional countries have friendly relations with SAARC countries and BIMSTEC countries to obtain investment in developing Sri Lanka. The research is based on both primary and secondary data and the policy statement of Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna. It depends on both qualitative and quantitative data. The research problem of this research is whether the non-aligned as stated in the policy statement will achieve national security and development in Sri Lanka. This research will be explained in detail what method he uses and how he deals with foreigners. This research is primarily used to analyze the image in the minority communities towards Gotabaya Rajapaksa. It is highlighted in the North-East election results. The main challenge facing him is the resettlement of the war displaced and what will happen to MCC. He also stated that the 99 years Hambantota port lease was a mistake made by the previous government and that he intends to renegotiate with China. The Geneva Human Rights Council and the Tamil Diaspora are key factors in his foreign policy making. He visited to India for two days on his maiden voyage, while protesting a pro-LTTE group called Vaiko.
Hallyu Wave as a Tool of Soft Power Utilized by South Korea to Spread Cultural and Economic Influence to East Asia
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Gunawardena, Achini
This study examines the influential and effective spreading out of Hallyu wave in East Asian region, as one of the main tools of soft power that has been utilized by South Korea to spread cultural awareness and gain economic benefits for their economy. This research also attempts to identify whether Korean wave effectively work as a soft power tool for South Korea. The Hallyu wave essentially started to spread throughout the East Asian region with Korean television dramas and Korean pop music (K-pop). Along with expansion of those fields in East Asia, local industries in the region adopt to several other cultural forms, such as animation, digital games, Korean cuisine, and etc. These main elements of this wave have expand throughout the world in the past few decades at a rapid speed. The main objectives of this study are to examine how Hallyu wave has influenced South Korean’s cultural aspects to spread in East Asia and to determine whether Hallyu is an effective soft power tool for the growth of economy of South Korea by its spread into East Asia. This research analyzes how each part of East Asia has seen Hallyu and how much influence it has in this region. The final analysis of this study examines whether South Korea is successful in spreading their culture in East Asia and if this soft power approach will succeed in the long run. Mixed method is the methodology that has been used when conducting this research to provide a better understanding of the research problem. Qualitative data needed for the cultural aspect and quantitative data needed for the economic aspect of the study are gathered from secondary sources such as books, journal article, newspaper articles, research papers, articles in websites, and public speeches given by political leaders. The data gather are analyzed through content analysis methods and hypothesis testing method. This study concludes with an explanation that there is certainly a presence of Hallyu wave in East Asian region as well as worldwide, but only time will tell whether it will be effective in future means of soft power.
Human Rights Violations of Sri Lankan Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Oshan, U.M.U.
Saudi Arabia is the one of main destinations for Sri Lankan Migrant workers. Since 1980s Sri Lankan government has provided thousands of migrant workers to Saudi Arabia. Among these workers, most are house maids. This study was aimed at evaluating the human rights situation in Saudi Arabia for domestic workers in Sri Lanka, and to identify reasons as to why Saudi Arabia does not follow the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to analyze the steps taken by the international community and Sri Lanka for the protection of housemaids in Saudi Arabia. Qualitative data approach was used as the research method and secondary data and primary data were collected from laborers who have migrated to Saudi Arabia. Data was collected through online videos, journal articles, books, reports etc. Consequently this research finds that that Saudi Arabia is a challenging and critical destination for labor migration as house maids are exploited in many ways. Lack of minimum wages, lack of safety and healthy environment, no explicit time of rest, no explicit working hours, lack of access to justice, inhuman treatment and sexual harassment aggravate this situation further. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is not following United Nations’ Human Rights conventions including the International Convention on Migrant Workers and Their Families Rights. Their situation Kafala System, working agreement, absence of proper internal labour system for protect housemaids and tied social political legal situation, afraid mentality of house maids increase violation of their Human Rights. In the context of protecting migrant domestic workers' human rights in Saudi Arabia, the United Nations has some difficulties in establishing more effective human rights mechanisms as the main intergovernmental organization for protecting Human Rights. Sri Lankan government has taken some action to prevent labor rights violation, however those are not being successful.
Ideology and Foreign Policy: Case Study of US
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Nonis, P. K. S. Taniya
Ideology is an element of national power and determinant of foreign policy. Foreign policy enables a state to establish its relations beyond the borders. A state formulates its foreign policy to cater its multiplicity of interests. It is possible by building strong and cordial relations with the international community. Ideology assumes key position in the formulation of foreign policy making and interacting with other states. As the former super power and major power in prevailing situation in the world, ideology has played a key role in foreign policy formulation of the United States. Main ideology they used to change their foreign policy behavior and influence into other countries was democracy. Democracy and respect for human rights have long been central components of US foreign policy. Several leaders of the US practiced foreign policy by using democracy as their ideology in different perspectives. Former US Presidents Theodor Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D Roosevelt, Harry Truman and George W Bush have taken democracy as their ideological tool to change US foreign policy. This study find out how ideology can be used as a tool to change the US foreign policy formulation. With analysis the case study of USA. The research consist of the interpretation of ideology and foreign policy, ideology as a tool of foreign policy, US foreign policy under several leaders. Study has used secondary resources such as Journal articles, newspaper articles, books, Presidents’ annual statements, web sources to collect data. Thus study is a content analysis. The results identify that, ideology has been highly influential to change the foreign policy formulation of a nation.
Ideology and US Foreign Policy: Foreign Policy under George W. Bush
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Perera, G.K.G.H.
The terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre changed United States of America’s National Security Strategy from deterrence and containment to pre-emption. This new strategy of combating new security challenges, allows them the opportunity to secure US against countries that harbour or give aid to terrorist groups pre-emptively. The Bush Doctrine of pre-emption as formulated in the National Security Strategy (NSS) after the 9/11 attack goes beyond narrow principle pre-emption, but reserves the right to US to attack pre-emptively even without a definite and imminent threat. The war in Iraq is most bothersome in the implementation of the doctrine. Customary international law permits pre-emptive self-defence only when a threat is so grave and imminent. In spite of this, the Bush Doctrine of pre-emption calls for anticipatory self-defence against international law as a way of fighting terrorist group and havens of terrorism. However, the doctrine has encouraged attacks on less powerful nations by more powerful nations, spread of terrorists groups, and emergence of insurgencies and proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction across national borders. This study therefore seeks to find whether Bush Doctrine promoted democracy or pursued hegemonic position in the Middle-East region. The research will be a descriptive analysis. It utilizes qualitative data gathered from secondary sources such as scholarly articles, magazines, newspapers, books published by local and international authors. Strategic and ideological interests are quantified utilizing content analysis data collected from foreign policy speeches that President George W. Bush delivered from September 11, 2001 to March 19, 2003. The data and speeches are evaluated to classify the Bush strategy as realist, liberal or neoconservative and to determine whether the Bush Doctrine represents change or continuity in US foreign policy.
The Impact of Brexit for the Trade Relations between the UK and USA
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Siriwardana, B.I.A.
Brexit is non-binding political declaration which explains the nature of future relations between the UK and EU. The process of leaving the EU formally began on March 29, 2017, when May triggered Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. The USA is the main overseas investment and the main single country export market for UK business. The UK and USA had its own bilateral trade relations worked through the EU. The day after the Brexit vote, currency markets were in turmoil and the values of Euro and Pound were decreased. Those increased the value of the dollar. That strength is not good for U.S. stock markets. It makes American shares more expensive for foreign investors. Many US firms have opened subsidiaries elsewhere in Europe to protect against a hard Brexit or no deal. This research mainly focuses on the determination of the impact of Britain’s European flee be affected by British and American trading. Through that the future relationship between Brexit and trading, and the practical applications for developing trading between the UK and the USA are going to be discussed. Journals, textbooks, newspaper articles have been utilized to gather important data as a secondary source of data to pursue this research. The methodology of this study is qualitative and quantitative methods are also used to emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected. US companies across a broad variety of industries have produced large investment in the United Kingdom. In fact, American companies have viewed Britain as a strategic gateway to other countries in the European Union. Brexit will jeopardize many strategically aligned companies, affiliate income and inventory prices with the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the research is conducted to determine the impact of the affect the economy if the US refuses to trade with British. These studies are concluded to identify the impact of Brexit towards the economic status of UK and USA.
Impact of China’s Political and Economic Behaviors for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Kumari, H.M.Thusitha
The People’s Republic of China receives continual coverage in the popular press of its emerging super power status, and has been identified as a rising or emerging economic growth and military super power by academics and other experts. The emergence of China as an economic power has been noticed by many but not welcomed by all. Many see it as a challenge to their supremacy. But for others, China’s economic impact is beneficial. They see it as the center of a ‘virtuous trade cycle’ that is helpful to most developing economies in the region. China is affecting to South Asia both directly and indirectly. According to that, the main objective of this research is to determine whether China’s foreign policy is a threat to the South Asia and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Therefore the main research problem is to find out how China’s foreign policy affect the regional stability and SAARC’s future. This is a qualitative study based on the conceptual framework of stratification. The data triangulation method is used to gather data form various secondary source such as published journal, articles, books and electronic documents. The existing theories are used to interpret data as for the world politics. SAARC’s aims to improve their member’s quality of life through accelerated economic growth, social progress and cultural development are not successful because of China’s involvement as a major power in the region. The domestic political analysis on many of South Asian countries provides the incentives for them to bandwagon with China for economic prosperity and certain countries like Sri Lanka indicated more inclination towards China to avoid the pressures coming from the western powers on issues pertaining to human rights and other humanitarian issues. This research concluded that there is no a clear way to reduce this interferences and its negative impact for the South Asia. As a major power, India and SAARC have not responded adequately towards China’s foreign policy towards the region.
The Impact of United States’ Withdrawal from the United Nations Human Rights Council to the Zero Tolerance Policy Victims
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Kuruppu, K. A. D. N. S.
Many Central American families arrived to US illegally through US –Mexico border from last several years to seek asylum from the United States. In order to discourage this illegal immigration and to reduce the burden of processing asylum, The Department of Justice of United States implemented Family Separation policy under Trump administration on May 07th 2018. Under this policy, when anyone crossed the US-Mexico border illegally with their children, may separate and parents will arrest while children will take for the custody and care. Soon after implemented this family separation policy in US, on July 19th 2018 United States announced their withdrawal from the UN Human Rights Council by saying that the Council has chronic bias against Israel. As the main human rights protection body in the world the UNHRC failed to address the US family separation immigration policy with their withdrawal from the Council even their policy violating many human rights of those immigrants. The article will discuss the reason for withdrawal from the Council, the violation of human rights regarding the policy and the impact of the US withdrawal from the Council for the separated families. The methodology of the study is composed of qualitative data. Scholarly articles, publications, research papers and public statements used as the secondary data. Because of the family separation policy violating many fundamental human rights, many countries raised their voice against the policy the US created their own human rights panel to address the family separation policy. The paper concludes that through the strong human rights implementation body world can address such issues when violating human rights throughout the world regardless the states’ power status.
Impacts of President Donald Trump’s Immigration Reforms
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Jayasinghe, C.A.
The immigration policy of the United States has undergone many significant changes after Donald trump was appointed as the president. President Trump claimed in his maiden speech that he would make America great again. Thus, his idea is to increase economic patriotism while reconstructing the immigration policy. He points out that the current immigration policy in United States acts as a barrier against reaching the great America he wanted to create. Thus, he has brought forth major reforms in the immigration policy. These reforms are centered around six major curriculums. Building a border wall with Mexico, deport child migrants who arrive United States, ban travel and work visas from eight countries, reducing the staff needed to screen the refugees while increasing the screening, revisionism of the H-1B visa program and control legal immigration are the six major curriculums. Though there have been some setbacks from congress and the court it is still in motion stronger than ever. It has been a very critical problem in the United States, affecting Mexicans, Muslim countries, migrant children and their parents in particular. Nevertheless, it has its own positive and negative impacts on both the United States and migrants as well. In that case the objective of this study is to explore the positive and negative impacts on migrants and negative impacts on citizens. This research paper is purely based on qualitative research method while foreign policy theories would be the theoretical framework. What is obvious is that substantial reforms are needed in U.S. immigration policies, but what one needs to be informed of is the degree and implementation of these reforms. There are critical foreign as well as domestic policies that could undermine the U.S. national economic security and would impact on the United States as a country.
India’s Foreign Policy towards Sri Lanka during President Mahinda Rajapaksa’s Regime
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Munasinghe, DilminiDilmini
Foreign policy of India has always been focusing on the behaviour of her neighbours in South Asia. India and Sri Lanka have maintained mutual relations over the years, especially due to their geographical proximity. Mahinda Rajapaksa’s regime is considered important as Civil War which prevailed around three decades of time in Sri Lanka was ended during his time India has also paid their frequent attention to that. Mahinda Rajapaksa’s regime, from 2005 to 2014 is characterized by the element of civil war. India paid its attention to Sri Lanka in their foreign policy, especially during the post-war period. India’s foreign policy and behaviour during the time of President Mahinda Rajapaksa had influenced Sri Lanka in a variety of aspects, yet the political impact seems to be the most significant. Hence, the purpose of the study is to analyse the political impact of India’s foreign policy on Sri Lanka during Mahinda Rajapaksa’s regime. Concerning the methodology, qualitative methods were applied for the analysis whereas secondary data collected from previous books and researches were used. The study reveals that one of the most visible impacts which India’s foreign policy had on Sri Lanka during that time is that Sri Lanka being inclined towards China deviating from her immediate neighbour India. The study concludes that India’s foreign policy towards Sri Lanka during the tenure of Mahinda Rajapaksa had negative effects on the Indo-Sri Lanka relations.
India-China Dynamic Political Relationship and its Impact to the World Politics
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Swarnamali, H.G.M.
India and china are playing a key role in the new international world order. They are creating a new political system through the use of their strategy in the Asian region. As a result many Asian countries have an influence on them. Chinas new political image is building a new political relationship between mutually beneficial countries, including India. Yet India is trying to reduce China’s expansion of power in the region. The far reaching development in china and the global political power of India has also enhanced the importance of their bilateral relationship. These two countries are coming up against each other across Asia and its surrounding waters. In recent years, china has been using its soft power and increasing its energy. There is however, a significant relationship, because both have major forces at present. This paper explore in particular India and China’s complex political relationship. Seek also to understand the complexities of the geopolitics of the both countries. This research will be performed with the use of secondary data. Secondary data will be used as primary data. This data were evaluated on the basis of grounded theory. At the end, this paper could provide big implications for both countries and its potential usefulness in South Asia. Study suggest that China and India will play a great underworld game to stabilize their power.
Legal Limits on the Use of Chemical Weapons: A Case Study of Syria
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Nishshanka, N. A. S. S.
For more than six years the international community and the people of Syria have had to face the fact that chemical weapons have become part of the Syrian civil war. By using these weapons, the Syrian government have violated international laws. The latest use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war has revived the debate on the problem. The use of chemical weapons is a war crime and is prohibited in a series of international treaties. All State parties have agreed to chemical disarmament by destroying any stockpiles of chemical weapons. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of international legal frameworks on use of chemical weapons through determining the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war. The methodology that will be used for achieve the said objective is qualitative in nature based on secondary sources of data like books, journal articles, reports and institutional documents. The findings of the study illustrate that the problem is for years, the international community has struggled to understand how and why the Assad regime, in defiance of norms and threats, has persisted in its use of banned chemical weapons. There have been at least 336 chemical weapons attacks over the course of the Syrian civil war. However, in recent years, the international community, the UN and the OPCW have found several creative strategies to address this problem, but no strategy has so far succeeded in truly treating the problem. This is mostly due to the political dynamics control the effective handling of the crisis. The international community has found ways to address this problem, but it has not managed to exclude the possibility of further chemical attacks once and for all. To uphold the international norm on the non-use of chemical weapons, the international community should consider new, short and long term steps like enhancing national criminal investigations and adopting new powerful universal jurisdiction on use of chemical weapons.
Legality of the Development and Deployment of AI Weapon Systems for State Security under International Law
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Hardy, Shannon
An autonomous missile under development by the Pentagon uses software to choose between targets. An artificially intelligent drone from the British military identifies firing points on its own. Russia showcases tanks that don’t need soldiers inside for combat. Such recent events depict that States have resorted to various mechanisms in order to tackle security threats concerning State borders. Accordingly, the newest trend of utilizing AI technology for autonomous weapon systems mandated to protect State borders has raised many humanitarian concerns. The autonomous aspect of these weapon systems seem to contradict principles underlying international law. Out of an array of security threats concerning State borders, this study focuses on the narrowed-down area of illegal border crossing between States and the legality of developing and deploying AI weapon systems to counter such threats, as opposed to an armed conflict. The objectives of the study include assessing whether lethal AI weapon systems (LAWS) contradict the principles of international law in actuality; examining whether the existing laws are sufficient to combat a potentially harmful outcome, such as a future possibility of ‘killer robots’; extending the understanding of whether and how States could be held accountable for such violations of international law; and proposing suggestions, in terms of international law, to mitigate the risks of LAWS. The study is primarily based on qualitative data, using primary sources such as existing legislation, and secondary sources such as research papers, journals, textbooks and UN reports. Previous works of scholars are examined along with existing principles of international law, i.e. in treaties, conventions and customs. It has been observed that there exists a lack of legislation focused on LAWS and loopholes in the existing laws that enable States to contradict principles of international law. Thus, it is clear that there is a dire need for a binding instrument that focuses on the autonomous aspect of LAWS.
The Maritime Relationship between China and Sri Lanka during the Period of 2010-2018
(Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Kamburugamuwa, K.V.C.S.A.
Today China is the world’s second largest economy with a GDP over US$ 1,100,000 billion and the major power in Asia with huge influential capacity. On other hand, Sri Lanka is smaller state in South Asia that ranked as an upper middle-income country. Both states have been in good relationship over 60 years. During the period of 2010- 2015 Sri Lanka-China relationship increased and it was mainly focused on maritime relations. With the establishment of new government in 2015 those relations were limited. The objectives of this study are examining the nature of China-Sri Lanka maritime relationship and identifying the reasons for China-Sri Lanka maritime relationship, opportunities and challenges of China-Sri Lanka maritime relationship to China and to Sri Lanka and how it affected to outsiders. The methodology of this study is qualitative and it will continue based on grounded theory. This study will use both qualitative and quantitative data to analyze the research problem. The data will be collected through secondary data sources. In conclusion the study explains that there is maritime relationship between China and Sri Lanka. And also, there are impacts from the maritime relationship between China and Sri Lanka to both states and outside states too. The study shows that there are positive impacts and negative impacts too. In addition, difference of the maritime relations with China under different governments. Through this research it studies what are the reasons to establish China-Sri Lanka maritime relationship, how it programmed and impact of the relationship on both states.