IPRC - 2017
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Item Addressing the Problem in Applying Recently Using Relative Humidity Equation as a Ratio of Saturation Pressures, For Closed Systems and Deriving the Correction Ratio for Closed Systems.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) De Silva, P.S.N.This article has brought to consideration a problem about the applicable situations of the recently using relative humidity equation which is in terms of saturation pressure of a system in a certain temperature and saturation pressure at dew point temperature. This equation is generally used for both open systems (space) and closed systems (fixed volumes). Though, for open systems it‘s hundred present theoretically correct under certain assumption, for closed systems it‘s not correct. Here this problem is addressed and a correction ratio has been derived to overcome the error which occurs in closed systems in the determination of relative humidity.Item Analysis of Photo - degradation Behavior of Poly Vinyl Chloride Based Products.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Alahapperuma, K.G.; Samarasekara, A.M.P.B.Polymers are organic materials composed of large molecules and made of many repeating units. Polymers are widely used in industrial applications today. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a type of thermoplastic which is used in various industries all over the world today. It exhibits the highest sensitivity towards UV radiation when exposed to natural weathering. PVC material deteriorates its properties with time under UV environment. The effect of UV rays on the bahaviour of PVC is methodically investigated to obtain a better understanding and control the degradation process especially in the outdoor applications. The objective of this research is to analyse the photodegradation of PVC based products by varying the UV exposure time. Commercially available 63 mm uPVC pipes were selected for this analysis. Initially, original tensile strength, percentage elongation, hardness and water absorption properties were measured. After that, the prepared samples were subjected to the UV exposure test under the standard conditions. Seven set of samples were removed from the UV chamber at different time intervals (after 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours, 144 hours and 168 hours). Tensile strength, percentage elongation, hardness, water absorption properties and visual inspection tests were performed after the UV treatment. Obtained properties were compared with the properties of original (reference) set of samples. Experiment results showed that gradual slightly reduction of tensile strength, percentage elongation and hardness of samples with increase of UV exposed time. There were no significant color changes observed after the UV exposure test for all samples. 168 hours UV treated samples showed the maximum water absorption (0.03%). Original samples showed the hardness of 81.6 Shore D. Percent hardness property retention after 168 hours exposure to UV was 97.2%. Percent property retention for tensile strength and percentage elongation after 168 hours exposure to UV showed as 97% and 96.2% respectively. According to the experimental results, it can be concluded that the tested samples did not show significant property variation after the photodegradation. Therefore, these products are in safe condition to use for required applications.Item Analysis of Water and Sediment in Attanagalu Oya in Sri Lanka: Pollution Levels and Effects(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Premaratne, W.A.P.J.; Perera, H.S.M.The Attanagalu Oya plays a major role in national water supply since it contains four major national water supply and drainage board intakes. This study intends to investigate the water quality variation and pollution levelin Attanagalu Oya in Gampaha municipal council area.Sampling was conducted for a period of six months from November 2016 to April 2017 at nine locations situated between 7° 05' 33.8" to 7° 05' 53.1’’N latitude and 79° 58' 15.6"to 79° 59' 32.5"E longitude along the main river. Both water and sediment samples in the river were collected and tested for physical and chemical parameters. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, titratable acidity, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and metal ions content (Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu) were analyzed in water samples. EC, pH, organic matter content and soil texture were analyzed in sediment samples. Experimental results were ascertained to find out the quality and pollution level of water and sediment by comparing with the standards levels given by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) in Sri Lanka and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. According to the experimental results, average pH values of water in the river was from 7.1 to 7.6 and did not exceed the proposed ambient water quality standards for fish and aquatic life. EC values ranged from 81.9 to 91.7 μS/cm and conductivity shows a drastic increment due to dry season. Titratable acidity, total hardness and metal ions content in water samples were not in the limits of CEA and WHO standards for drinking water parameters. COD values of water samples exceeded the maximum CEA standards during the sampling period. Sediment analysis indicated that physical and chemical parameters are not in the limits of CEA standards. Therefore, this study shows that the river is polluted and the effects being significant in the urban areas.Item An Analytical Study of the Theory of „The Survival of the Fittest‟ Depicted in the Short Story Khɑccər ƆːR ɑːDmiː (Mule And The Man) By Yashpal.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Lansakara, L. M. R. N.This paper will explore ‗The Survival of The Fittest‘, which is a phrase that originated from Darwinian Evolutionary Theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection, depicted in the short story khɑccər ɔːr ɑːdmiː (Mule and The Man). As a matter of fact, we human beings have lost our natural survival instincts because of man-made baseless religious beliefs, and Yashpal is a well-known Hindi writer, who raised his voice through short stories against the above mentioned social issue. He has used logical incidents, which are based on scientific theories in his short stories to abolish such outdated beliefs, which have been generated as a result of capitalism, idealism, exploitation and convention. Thus he has proved the baselessness of many outdated thoughts, caused to obstacle the natural life circle. The short story khɑccər ɔːr ɑːdmiː (Mule and The Man) has been written in a scientific context. In this short story, Yashpal has proved that the natural life circle of the human being can be damaged by religious myths. The eagerness towards Materialism and Marxism caused Yashpal to explore effective solutions through literature for such grave problems among mankind. In the process of writing he never included utopia of revisionism as solutions of social problems. In the short story khɑccər ɔːr ɑːdmiː (Mule and The Man), Yashpal has made an effort to explain to society, that religious beliefs, which are against nature are based on economic inequality and capitalism. Moreover, by presenting incidents regarding ‗The Survival of The Fittest‘, he has proved that if someone is going against nature, the meaninglessness of baseless beliefs will be shown by nature itself. This paper makes an attempt to point out the importance of natural survival, while also drawing attention to explain the mutual relationship among literature, human life and science.Item An Analytical Study on Applicability of the Sustainable Development Goals depicted in the Hindi Short-story ra:ni: mã: ka: cəbu:təra:(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Perera, W. U. P.At the convention of the UNEP- 2015, world countries adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to create a platform for a unitary state by eliminating social, economic and environmental challenges that will lead to global development through the accomplishment of the present needs without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs with the applicability for all countries of the world. As a member of the UNO, India is also committed to implementing the SDGs, which have developed to cover more aspects of development. Although India is also included in the top five countries of the world‘s fastest growing economies, inequality and poverty remain a significant problem across the country, which is a great challenge in order to achieve the highest level of social development, amidst the traditional attitudes of Indians. It can be identified that practical usage of SDGs such as eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, gender inequality etc. can be found within the Hindi short-story ra:ni: mã: ka: cəbu:təra: of prominent female Hindi writer,mənnu: bhəɳda:ri:. The main protagonist of this short-story, g ս la:bi:is a poor woman, who reveals that there is a need to re-structure the thoughts of anti-pauperism not by lamping for god for the sake of our lives, but by utilizing our native spirits to prosper the lives of the present and future generations. Hence she was harbored and oppressed by both male and female societies as a result of conventional and traditional attitudes of the maledominant society of India towards the women. Through this,g ս la:bi: emphasized that sustainable development of human resources depends on the proper management of individual spirits of human beings which is one of five broad areas that has been focused in the SDGs. The objective of this study is to analyze the applicability of the SDGs depicted in the Hindi short-story ra:ni: mã: ka: cəbu:təra:. This study was done through literary reviews based on sustainable development and this is important to reveal the contribution of literary creations to explicate the sustainable development to the society and encourage such literary creations.Item An Analytical Study on the Reasonability of Economic Stimulation of the Human Beings to Overcome Sustainable Development Challenges Depicted in Hindi Novel go:da:n(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Ranasinghe, Y. G. D.L.The development that maintain the necessary conditions for future generations to fulfill their aspirations and requirements while at the same time uses and manages the biotic system, while preserving the ability of meeting the highest sustainable benefits to the present generation is called sustainable development. Recently, a set of 17 sustainable development goals was adopted by the UNO at the 70th General Conference, which are to be implemented and achieved in every country from 2016-2030. India had been a British colony for many years and at that time the traditional Indian aspects of social, economic, political, cultural, religious and literaryspheres were destroyed. As a result of this colonization and the origin of industrialization, the aspirations and attitudes of Indian people were rehabilitated politically, economically and culturally.go:da:nis one of such novels of prominent Hindi writerpre:mcənd, which reveals such social transformation ofIndia.go:bəris a young man whopractically affirms to people of his own race, that economic strength is the contributory factor to reach a higher social level, by struggling with the oppression of severe poverty and imprudence of landowners and adapting his life according to the socio-economically, politically diversified society of India through industrialization.pre:mcəndhas been able to explain that gender equality plays a leading part in social development, through the female protagonistsdhənia:andɈunija:who were raised against the traditional practices of the women in Indian society, which is one of five broad areas that SDGs have focused on. The objective of this study is to analyze the reasonability of economic stimulation of human beings to achieving SDGs through the eradication of poverty, social equity and the renewal of global solidarity through gender equality, which is depicted in the novelgo:da:n. This study was done through literary reviews based on sustainable development and this is important to emphasize the utility of literary creations to provoke the attitudes of human beings about sustainable development.Item Appraising the Fine Motor Skill Advancement in Nurseries Special Reference to Gampaha Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Ruwan, D.Physical development is the physical growth from birth to adulthood and the development of both gross and fine motor control of the body.Lack of physical development is a major concern in children. Physical development during preschool age has significant effects on social and psychological health of children.Major movement skills including fine motor, object control and body management provide a base for more advanced physical skills. Physical development, grow during early childhood and are necessary for complex activities at adulthood. Also preschool children activities should be enjoyable and contain fine motor activities. Therefore, it seems that an effective physical development program for preschool children needs to be developmentally appropriate for children in this age range. Furthermore, physical, emotional and psychosocial needs of children should be considered in development of suitable physical development program for these children. Excellently physical development programs in nursery schools should be conducted by trained instructors. This research involves discovering how the ―fine motor skill development of children in Gampaha divisional secretariat, Colombo District, Sri Lanka‖. The study was logically assumed by the researcher by focusing on the problem how physical growth of children who are studding in kindergarten level is differ through fine motor skill. The key study is to show the physical development level of kindergarten children in Gampaha Division. Sample area of the research was Gampaha GN divisions of Gampaha divisional secretariat. The stratified random sampling method was used to select students as well as the sample size was 400. Researcher had been used Ages and Stages questionnaire (ASQ) which was suggested by the American Academy of Neurology, and the child neurology. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and the deduction were made through the study after detailed scientific analysis of data. the research revealed that the current physical development level of kindergartens in Gampaha divisional secretariat. In Gampaha division the Fine motor development level appears to be on schedule among 73.5% and for 20.8% need to provide learning activities and monitoring as well as for 5.8% further assessment with a professional may be needed.Item Are you a thrill seeker or a safe zone seeker? Impact of demographic factors on risk behavior of undergraduates in Sri Lanka.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Himasara, T. M. H.; Peter, S.There is considerable interest in factors that influence individuals' decision-making behavior, in risky contexts. These differences in behaviour have important implications for economic outcomes including occupational choice, investment and consumption choices and insurance coverage. A number of studies have documented the effect of demographic variables such as gender, age, height, education level, income level, marital status and family background on risk behaviour. However, many of these studies have been conducted on human risk behavior, based on the European or Western context while the studies in the Asian context is limited. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the risk behaviour of young adults in Sri Lanka and to establish the relationship if any, between individual characteristics, external stimuli and risk behaviour. The research question addressed is, ―What factors determine risk behaviour of young adults in Sri Lanka?‖. A modified version of the Sitkin and Pablo model (1992) was used as a conceptual model to assess risk behavior which was adapted to focus on individual risk characteristics. A cross sectional study was carried out among young adults in five state universities in Sri Lanka using snow-ball sampling method to assess their risk behavior. This sample represents approximately 52.63% amount of the total number of students enrolling Sri Lankan state universities annually. Risk behavior was assessed by their likelihood of engaging in risk related activities associated with their daily life through a scenario based questionnaire. The findings suggest that among the demographic factors, only gender, education stream and the number of dependents were found to be significant. Furthermore, according to the normality test, the distribution of the risk behaviour tends to be right– skewed, suggesting that the overall risk behaviour of an average young adult in Sri Lanka is comparably low. Results also revealed a significant difference in risk behaviour between males and females. Males tended to exhibit high-risk behaviour compared to females. This result was robust even when the education background of the sample was evaluated, with the male dominated stream of engineering, showing the highest risk-taking behavior when compared to the arts, management and sciences. As expected, we found evidence to indicate an inverse relationship between number of dependents and risk behavior. The results could be used in functional areas such as marketing, finance and human resource management in the corporate sector, across multi industries to design and develop new products, understand customer behaviour and financial investment patterns.Item Assessment of Background Frequency of Micronuclei Formation in Two Selected Populations in Sri Lanka.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Weerakkody, W.A.T.L.; Warnakulasuriya, D.T.D.; Williams, H.S.A.; Dabarera, M.D.; Rathnayake, R.M.N.P.; Rodrigo, B.K.S.K.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.This study assessed background frequency of micronuclei formation using biodosimetry in persons living in Norochcholai and Ragama in Sri Lanka. Biodosimetry, a technique used to assess exposure to radiation, is considered superior to physical dosimetry. It gives a clearer picture of individual variation of susceptibility to radiation and human risk assessment. This study establishes baseline levels of micronuclei formation in a Sri Lankan population to monitor possible radiation accidents that may occur at a nuclear power plant that was commissioned in nearby India recently. Biodosimetry has been used to detect external and internal exposure to ionising radiations in scenarios of accidental and occupational exposure wherever nuclear power plants are present. 96 healthy individuals from both sexes were selected for the study (in the age range of 20-59 years), comprising 50 from Norochcholai (area closest to the power plant) and 46 (matched for gender, age and life style) from Ragama (as a control). 10ml of venous blood was drawn and the cytokinesis–block micronuclei assay was performed, 1000 binucleate cells were assessed; the median spontaneous micronuclei formation was estimated. Background radiation was measured using an Automess dose rate meter 6150AD. There was no significant difference in the median MN frequency between the two sexes (p= 0.538). There was no significant difference between the median background frequency of micronuclei formation between the two study areas (p=0.539). Significantly higher radiation dose rate (measured by suevey meter) has been shown in Ragama area compared to Norochcholei area (Mann Whitney U= 217.00, p=0.000 ). There was no strong correlation between background radiation and MN frequency in both areas. The MN frequency can be used as a baseline to monitor exposure to radiation in the future. This is important for monitoring radiation hazards and will be useful in case of a nuclear accident.Item Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Negombo Lagoon and Achchankulam Estuary in Mannar District.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Handagiripathira, H. M. N. L.; Deeyamulla, M. P.; Chandrajith, R. L. R.Coastal water bodies such as lagoons and estuaries receive various types of pollutants due to anthropogenic influences resulted from rapid economic growth and urbanization. During the last decays, heavy metal contamination in aquatic systems has become one of the major problems due to its toxicity, durability and special depositional properties. Therefore, main objective was to study the concentrations of heavy metals to understand the levels of contamination in the water bodies of lagoon and estuaries situated in urbanized and industrialized areas of Sri Lanka. As such selected study sites were Negombo lagoon situated in Gampaha district and Achchankulam estuary situated in Mannar district. Water samples were collected in the wet season of 2015. The elemental concentrations of V, Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were measured in the 32 samples collected from Negombo lagoon and 10 samples from Achchankulam estuary using ICP-MS technique. In-situ measurements for the physico-chemical parameters of pH, conductivity, salinity and TDS were measured using a portable meter. The averaged metal concentrations obtained for 2 study sites were compared. All most all were remarkably high in the Achchankulam estuary except the V, Mn and Cu. The averaged Co, Ni and Zn showed 50% higher concentrations in Achchankulam than the Negombo. The As and Pb averaged concentrations were 75% higher and averaged Cd concentration was significantly higher as 216% in the estuary than the lagoon. The assessed Cr concentrations in both sites have exceeded the threshold level, 50.00 ppb; according to the proposed Ambient water quality standards for inland waters (Central Environmental Authority, 2001). Furthermore, this assessment showed that the averaged Cd concentration in the Achchankulam estuary extremely exceeded the threshold level, 5.00 ppb. The fresh water inputs of the lagoon is received from Attanagalu Oya and industrial zone in Ekala while estuary is receiving that from the second longest Malwathu Oya, which passes through 164 km of the agricultural farming lands to reach the coast of Mannar from Anuradhapura. So it may be possible that high Cd, As and Pb levels in the estuary may be a consequence of the higher utilization of fertilizer and agrochemicals which contain heavy metals as impurities, than other areas in Sri Lanka.Item Assessment of Life Style Modifications among Diabetes Patients Attending Primary Medical Care Unit, Yatiyana, Matara.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Amarabandu, H.G.I.; Hewage, D.C.Diabetes mellitus is a major non-communicable metabolic disorder worldwide. With the sedentary life style, prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing. Diabetes Mellitus is not curable but can be controlled with diet, lifestyle modifications and drugs. This research study helps to assess socio-demographic factors and life style modifications among diabetes patients attending Primary Medical Care Unit, Yatiyana, Matara.Item Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of Water in Cooling Towers and Boilers: Testing and Comparisons.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Premaratne, W.A.P.J.; Maithreepala, K.L.U.Scaling and corrosion effects of cooling towers and boilers can be identified by analyzing their water quality parameters. Cooling tower mainly has a refrigeration system, providing cooling in a wide range of applications such as such as chemical processing, power plants, steel mills and some manufacturing processes. Boiler is a vessel which has an enclosed system. In boiler, water is circulated and heated, either as steam or hot water to generate power or heat. This study investigated six cooling towers and six boilers selected from various industries such as food, beverages, dairy, manufacturing industry and hotels. Each water sample was analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, total hardness and chloride. According to the experimental results, in cooling towers pH value fluctuated from 7.6 to 8.7. The EC value ranged from 98.8 to 1215.5 µS cm1. The TDS varied in the range of 50.5 to 793.5 mg L-1. Alkalinity was detected from 18.3 to 343.6 mg L-1 as CaCO3. The value of total hardness and amount of chloride varied from 12.3 to 429.5 and 14.7 to 22.8 mg L-1 respectively. In boiler waters, the pH value varied from 8.7 to 11.2. The EC value was from 551.5 to 3997.8 µS cm-1. The TDS value was determined from 283.5 to 2748.5 mg L-1. The alkalinity varied in the range of 90.8 to 404.5 mg L-1. The value of total hardness and chloride varied in the range of 23.3 to 214.5 mg L-1 as CaCO3 and 9.6 to 23.5 mg L-1 respectively. The observed physicochemical parameters from water samples were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA. According to the experimental results, it was found that in most cooling towers and boilers physicochemical parameters of waters are not in the range of recommended standards values and have heavy corrosion and scaling effect. These effects can be minimized by correct chemical adjustment for the water quality parameters.Item Assessments of Drinking Water Quality and Water Treatment Process in Kalatuwawa Reservoir in Sri Lanka.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Premaratne, W.A.P.J.; Senarathne, K.S.D.Kalatuwawa is one of the major water treatment plants which supplies water to Colombo city and it‘s sub-urban. Raw and treated water samples were collected from the Kalatuwawa water treatment plant located at 6 85‘ latitude and 80 18‘ longitude. Both raw and treated water samples were analyzed ninety times within six months (15 days per months) from July to December 2016 for pH, turbidity, conductivity, color, hardness, alkalinity, aluminum, iron, manganese and ammonia. According to the experimental results, pH was in the range of 6.58.5 in the treated water. The conductivity values ranged from 20.5 to 34.5 μS cm- 1 in raw water and it was from 48.5 to 74.5 μS cm- 1 for treated water. The hardness value range was from 5.5 to 6.5 ppm (as CaCO3) for raw water and from 15.5 to 25.5 ppm (as CaCO3) for treated water. Raw water and treated water alkalinities were 7.0-8.5 ppm (as CaCO3) and 13.0-19.5 ppm (as CaCO3) respectively. Aluminum concentration in raw water was 0.02-0.05 ppm and it was 0.1-0.2 ppm in treated water. Ammonia concentration in raw water in Kalatuwawa varied from 0.02 to 0.09 ppm and the maximum value in treated water was 0.01 ppm. Iron concentration in raw water was 0.5-2.0 ppm and it was 0.05-0. 07 ppm in treated water. Average color of the raw water was detected as 39-83 Pt/Co units and after treatment process average color indicated as zero value Pt/Co units. Average turbidity value was from 0.2 to 2.5 NTU for treated water. Experimental data revealed that treated water from Kalatuwawa reservoir is in the limits of World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water parameters indicating efficient, effective and productive water treatment process.Item Behavioural Modelling Approach to Simulate Collaboration in Apparel Supply Chains.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Lakmal, R. D. S.; Rupasinghe, T. D.With the rapid evolution of technology and competition in the current business context, supply chain collaboration has become a widely spoken and researched topic. It has become a greater challenge to achieve the optimum efficiencies by performing as isolated partners due to the continuous growth in the depth and the width of the chain partners and their activities. In spite of the fact that a number of studies have been carried out in this respect, a very few number of studies have investigated the practical implications of improving collaboration in supply chains. In this study the authors have utilized a simulation-based approach to assess how collaborative practices among different partners in the supply chain, affect the collaboration level of an industry and time dependent variants for an industry to achieve maximum benefits of collaboration. The simulation models were developed using Netlogo open source modelling platform, focusing on three types of agents in the supply chain where the suppliers, manufacturers, retailers and behavior of these different partners was modeled. The study utilizes the apparel industry as the tested and thus, the Netlogo simulation models determine the effects of collaborative practices across those aforementioned partners. As the main outcome, the study has shown that the key step to enhance collaboration in supply chains, is understanding that there is an interdependence among each other and the level of interdependence required, depending on the organization needs and norms. Furthermore, the study simulates how other main factors of collaboration such as strategic alliances, use of collaborative tools and supply chain metrics will affect the time variant of industry becoming collaborative over the time according to the conditions used in the simulation model. This study facilitates the identification of the crucial factors which partners should focus on, in order to enhance the collaboration in their supply chains. The proposed modelling approach can be generalized further in-to similar industries by studying the correlation among the aforementioned factors.Item Butchering Practices of Veddah; the Indigenous People of Sri Lanka(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Weliange, W.S.; Dandeniya, A.S.; Dewage, D.; Algiriya, A.K.P.P.The Veddah are an ethnic group of people living in Sri Lanka whose population is limited to around 5000 people according to cense carried out in 2011. They live in several villagers adjacent to their original homeland forests. Seligman brothers have reported in 1911 that Veddah have used the arrow head for butchering. In this study state of art of butchering of the modern day Veddah was studied. The study was done in Rathugala in Batticaloa District where a Veddah community lives in Rathugala village adjacent to their original homeland; Nilgala forest. A monthly field visits were done to Rathugala village during 2010 and 2011. Totally 10 field visits were made and 45 days and nights were spent in the forest with Veddah ascertaining the practices related to the hunting. The interviews were done while in the forest, figures and illustrations of the muscular anatomy and skeletal anatomy of common animals were shown initially to familiarise and to acclimatise Veddah for a long run of study. Observations were made on how a monkey was butchered to produces 13 major meat portions and 8 byproducts. Each major meat portions and byproducts have terminologies in their language. Obtaining primal cuts are exactly similar to the modern method of butchering. The Veddah are still skillful butchers. One specific tool with a sharpen edge and a point is sufficient for successful butchering. During prehistoric period people have used similar methods in butchering. The findings are useful in re-creating prehistoric life style of people. Purpose driven ethnographic studies help gather information, deepen the understanding about the indigenous groups like Veddah, increase the weight of the cultural identity and help understand the lifestyle of prehistoric man.Item Case report: Edwardsiella tarda Sepsisfollowing Abortion.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Wijesooriya, L.I.; Weerawardana, A.; Mohamed, R.Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram negative bacterium of Family Enterobacteriaceae - primarily a pathogen of fish. Human infections with E. tarda are rare. Reports of E. tarda septicemia is exceptional (<5%) with mortality of 44.6%. We report a case of E. tarda sepsis following an abortion. Case report A 31 year old female patient (P3C2) with period of amenorrhea of 12 weeks and 2 days was admitted with a history of lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding for 1 day with a similar episode 1 week prior. Patient was febrile with 1010F on admission. Her past medical history was uneventful except gestational diabetes. Hematological investigations on admission revealed WBC–17.5X103/UL with 80.0% granulocytes and CRP-52 mg/L. Abdominal ultrasound scanning found aborting fetus. Patient was started with empirical antibiotics as intravenous cefuroxime, metronidazole and gentamicin. Blood culture developed turbidity, 24 hours after incubation and grew Gram negative, motile bacillus on blood, chocolate and MacConkey agar as non-lactose fermenter. Moderate amount of H2S production was in Kligler Iron Agar (KIA)with acid butt and alkaline slant. Isolate was urease negative and indole positive. It was identified as E. tarda and was sensitive to most of the antibiotics: amikacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co–amoxiclav, gentamicin and netilmicin but was resistant to polymyxin as per Stokes‘ comparative disc diffusion method. Evacuation of Retained Products of Conception was done 2 days following admission. Following antibiotics, patient was afebrile and improved clinically. Parenteral antibiotics were continued for one week, patient had uneventful recovery and was discharged with one week of oral antibiotics.Item Clinical Pharmacists‟ Interventions to Improve Inhaler Use among Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients.(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Wickramasinghe, N.D.D.; Lynch, C.B.; Coombes, J.; Jayamanne, S.F.; De Silva, S.T.Inappropriate use of asthma inhalers can lead to increased hospitalizations, reduced quality of life (QOL), loss of productivity and increased health related costs. Pharmacist-led interventions have shown an improvement of inhaler technique and use. The following cases describe opportunities for clinical pharmacist-led interventions to resolve problems associated with inhaler use identified from an ongoing study in renal clinic, Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura.Item Cluster-based Transportation Optimization – A Case Study from Pharmaceutical Supply Chains (PSC).(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Niwunhella, D. H. H.; Rupasinghe, T.D.Transportation planning attempts to allocate fixed logistics capacity in the best possible way, for particular business requirements. This study focuses on the pharmaceutical supply chains, as optimization of medicine distribution routes has become an urgent issue that needs to be solved. The cost components of many distribution and transportation systems represent the routing and scheduling of vehicles, but there are only a few optimization approaches that have been introduced to effectively solve Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). Therefore, this study presents a simulation based solution approach for transportation optimization, in order to minimize the cost, based on the pre-identified pharmaceutical product clusters. The simulation models are developed using the SupplyChainGuru® modelling and simulation platform, where vehicle routing models are developed to simulate the inherent features of the product families using test cases from the literature and the benchmark instances listed on the repository of CVRPLib. The study proposes and models five product characteristic-based clusters namely, time sensitive pharmaceuticals, hazardous pharmaceuticals, hybrid pharmaceuticals, condition constrained pharmaceuticals (conditions such as pressure/temperature, etc.), and general pharmaceuticals. The baseline VRP model is compared with the cluster specific VRP models developed for each product cluster. The results of the study depict that the total transportation cost minimizes as the products are routed with respect to the inherent product clusters, than the cost of routing without considering cluster-specific characteristics. The maximum percentage cost reduction is for the general/condition constrained cluster (64.04%), whereas the minimum is for the time sensitive product cluster (0.59%). This product clustering approach of transportation optimization could be utilized dynamically to provide efficient delivery of products to the consumers, and could be adopted in related industrial supply chains.Item A Comparative Study of Indefinite Pronouns in Hindi and Sinhala Noun Phrases(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Senevirathna, W. N. S.Syntax can be identified as a broader academic area in linguistics. According to syntactic theory, a sentence can be divided into two main parts, as noun phrase and verb phrase. Sinhala and Hindi Languages are two languages that have been originated from Sanskrit which belongs to Indo-Aryan languages. Indefinite pronouns are common category of these two languages, which can be considered as one of different types of grammar contained in noun phrase. Hence, the primary objective of this research is to do a comparative study through identifying the similarities and differences of the indefinite pronouns used in these languages. Up to now, no research has been done in relation to this topic. Therefore, this research is timely and important in which the qualitative method is used. The various dissimilar characteristics are shown when they are used. These dissimilar characteristics create problematic conditions for the students who study Hindi and Sinhala noun phrases. In fact, a proper understanding of these problems helps to improve language competency.Item A Comparative Study on Anger Management in Buddhism and Western Perspective(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Dissanayake, A.American Psychological Association (APA) has defined anger as ―completely a normal, usually healthy, human emotion. But, when it gets out of control and turns destructive, it can lead to problems-problems at work, in the personal relationships, and in the overall quality of individuals‘ life‖.Therefore, psychologically uncontrollable anger will engulf the individual, family and the society which will lead to destructive behaviors. The main objective of this paper is to prove up to date validity of Buddhism even up to the 21st century with the evidence of scientific research and provides an insight to anger management in both Buddhist and Western perspective. Buddhist teachings were searched referring to Suttha pitaka including Vitakkasaṇṭhāna Sutta of Majjhima Nikāya and Āghāta Paṭivinaya Sutta inAṅguttara Nikāya.The realistic study of the Special Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre of Kandakadu by the instructions of Lieutenant Colonel Pradeep Perera where the 220 drug addicts who have aggressive mind and revengeful thoughts are transform into peaceful individuals through 1-2-month period time by implementing motivational strategies, on 2nd month by the breakdown strategy through mixture model and most importantly by transforming revenge into compassionate via Buddhist techniques including mindfulness meditation-vipassana was taken into further evaluation. Recent research in parapsychology, scientific aspects of Buddhist Pirith Chants as a remedy to anger management and the latest research on Neuroplasticity of the brain are discussed in depth. According to the Western Perspective, Charles Spiel Berger, PhD states that “Anger is an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury rage”. Further Dr. Weisinger clarified that the cause of anger is due to the threat to one of our basic needs or mature needs including identity, recognition, achievement and social affiliation. Different techniques in the western counseling including cognitive reconstruction for maladaptive thoughts, using humor-laughing therapy, relaxation, brainstorming, avoiding, positive relief, time outs and non-violent communication will be discussed in depth. The war and terrorism, ethnic conflicts are some of the current global crisis which can be determined within the society due to anger. It is revealed that many western psychologists and therapists have integrated Buddhism with Western psychotherapy in the field of meditation and mindfulness.