ARS - 2007

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1900 ට පෙර ලක්දිව ඡයාරූප ශිල්ප ව්‍යවහාරය හඳුනාගැනීම
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Gunasekara, U.G.
An Analysis of E-Government Readiness of Sri Lankan Government Ministries
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Yatigammana, M.R.K.N.
It is evident that, with the expansion of information technology and Internet facilities the vvhole world has boiled down to a one global village. Therefore in this global era, no one could not escape of being part of the global village and survive alone. Now most of the organizations arc adapting the newest technology they could obtain and the competitiveness now mainly base on the best possible technology they could acquire. Most of the private organizations of the world are now having their own websites and they provide goods and services to the public through on-line. The government of any nation plays a major role in providing information and other services to the public. As the provider of information and services to the general public, the government should provide them with maximum efficient and effective method since the public is expecting a similar kind of performance that they receive from the private sector. On the other hand it is a responsibility of the government to provide a high quality service to the public since the government depends on the taxes paid by the public. This study analysed the government ministries' websites of Sri Lanka based on 23 characteristics and categorized those websites according to the United Nation's classification on e-government readiness, i.e. emerging presence, enhanced presence, interactive presence, transactional presence, and networked presence. According to the analysis, it is observed that most of the Sri Lankan websites are falling under enhanced and interactive presence and there is a very long way to go to reach the international benchmark level.
An Analysis of Syntactic Errors of the Undergraduates Who Study English as a Second Language
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Jayasinghe, R.R.
The system of rules and categories that underlies sentence formation is called syntax. As Corder (1973: 167) noted: "Errors provide feedback to the teacher on effectiveness of the teaching material, teaching techniques and show what part of the syllabus has been inadequately learned or taught." In Error Analysis, samples of learner language are collected and errors are identified, described and classified according to their hypothesized reasons. In the Faculty of Commerce and Management of the University of Kelaniya, the first year students study English as a Second Language and they follow a course titled "English for Business Communication", which is compulsory to complete their degree. With fourteen years of experience in English language teaching, the researcher has noticed that there are some individual variances in sources of errors, indicated by students' performance in English language learning. Also it has been observed that the knowledge in syntax is crucial in their examinations and assignments. Therefore the analysis of errors of ESL students in the Faculty of Commerce and Management would be useful and worthwhile. The paper focuses on the syntactic errors of about 40 randomly selected first year Commerce and Management students and they were given a questionnaire to find out their difficulties in syntax of English language. The necessary data will be obtained by analyzing the students' errors in their written work. The descriptive method will be used and statistical analysis will follow to identify the sources of errors. At the conclusion of this investigation, remedial measures will be discussed, and some suggestions for teaching ESL will be proposed in this context.
Analytical Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for n = 3
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Piyadasa, R.A.D.
1. Introduction It is well known that the proof of fermat's Last Theorem, in generaL is extremely difficult. It is surprising that the proof of theorem for n = 3, the smallest corresponding number, given by Leonard Euler, which is supposed to be the simplest, is also difficult and erroneous. Paulo Rebenboin claims that he has patched up [1] the Euler's proof, which is very difficult to understand. however. In this article we present a simple and short proof of the Fermat's last theorem. Fermat's Last Theorem The equation z" = y" + x". (x, y) = 1 has no nontrivial integral solutions (x,y,z) for any prime n ;::: 3 . 2. Proof of the Fermat's last theorem for n = 3 In the following, the parametric solution to the problem based on very simple three lemmas is given. 2.1 Lemma If a 3 - b3 is divisible by Y' (p * 0) and (a, 3) = 1 = (b, 3), then (a-b) is divisible by 3~'- 1 and p;::: 2. This lemma can be easily proved substituting a- b = k in a3 - b3 and we assume it without proof. 2.2 Lemma If the equation (1) has a non trivial integral solution (x,y,z), then one of x,y,zis divisible by 3. Proof of this lemma is also simple and we assumed it without proof. Now. (1) takes the form (2) 2.3 Lemma There are two integers a and f3 such that z-x=331Ha3 , (3,a)=l. Proof of this lemma is exactly the same as in the case of analytic solution of Pythagoras' theorem [2] and let us assume it without proof. Now (2) takes the form .:3 = 33fJ a 3ry 3 + x3 , (3, z) = 1 (3) From the equation 3 y s (y + s) = x 3 - s 3 , it follows that s should be of the form 6 3 , where (6, 3) = 1 since s divides x and (s, y) = 1. Also note also that 6 3 = z- y. Then the above equation becomes 3 y63 (y +53)= x3 - 69 Now it is clear that x -15 is divisible by three. Let us consider the expression x + y- z. x + y- z = x- (z- y) = x -153 . Now consider the original equation z 3 = y 3 + x 3 , (x, y) = 1 in the form that z 3 = (x + y) (Cx + y) 2 - 3xy ). It is clear that x + y and the term, (x + y) 2 - 3xy are co-prime and therefore x + y = () 3 , where z = er; and ((), r;) = 1. Now again X+ y- z = () 3 - er; = ()(() 2 - r;) and therefore X -15 3 is divisible (). x + y- z = y- (z- x) = 3fJ ary- 33!3 a 3 = 3fJ a(ry- 32/3-l a 2 ) and therefore x -15 3 is divisible by 3 fJ a. x is divisible by 15, which follows from ( 4) and therefore x -15 3 is divisible by 3fJ a()l5. Now consider (4) m the form 3f3+ 1aryl5 3()r;=(x-15 3 Xx 2 +xl53 +15 9 ). From which one understands that x -15 3 = 3fJ a()l5 and since z- x = 3 3 ~-l a 3 . x = 3fJ aBI5 + 153 (a) y = YaBI5 + 33.LJ-l a 3 (b) z = 33/3-l a 3 + 3fJ aBI5 + 15 3 (c) In addition to this, we have x + y = () 3 and ('7- 32/3-l a 2 ) = ()15, and therefore substituting for 17 in y , we get ()3 -15 3 - 2.3.LJ aBI5- 33.LJ-t a 3 = 0 (d) Therefore by lemma (1), B-15 should be divisible 3tH. Expressing 33fJ- 1a 3 as 8.3 3!3-3 a 3 + 33!3-3 a 3 and () = 3.LJ-t g + 15 ,we obtain from (d) that (g-2a)(152 +3P-1gi5+3 2P-3 (g 2 +2ag+4a2 ))=3 2P- 3 a 3 (5) If X = (g- 2a ), Y = (15 2 + 3/3-l gl5 + 32/3-J (g 2 + 2ag )+ 4a 2 ), then it 1s clear that (3,Y) = 1, Now we prove the Fermat's last theorem for n = 3, showing that (d) is never satisfied. If 3,Li-l 2 a=1, g=2+32.LJ-J and Y=1=(15+--g-)2 +32.LJ-3(_[__+2g+4) which is never 2 4 satisfied. Similarly , the proof of the theorem follows when a = -1 smce f3 ~ 2 . If a 1:- 1, g = 2a. + 32.LJ-J q3 and () = 2a3P-I + (3 3.LJ-4 p 3 + 15). The equation (d) is of the form () 3 -3(2.3P-1a)I5B-8.33,u-3 a 3 -(33P-3 a 3 +15 3)=0 (6) and is also of the form. x 3 - 3.u.vx- u3 - v3 = 0 and therefore we can make use of the well known method of Tatagliya and Cardon (see[3] ).Then u 3 must be a solution of the quadratic x 2 + Gx - H 3 = 0 and the roots of (d) for ()are u + v, u UJ + v UJ 2 , u UJ 2 + v UJ , where UJ is the cube root of unity. It can be easily shown that this occurs only if u = 0. which gives a = 0 and this corresponds to the trivial solution x.y.z = 0 .Hence the proof of the theorem.
Beware of Variations in Bile Duct and Arterial Anatomy During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy; An Intr-operative and Cadaveric Study
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Abeysuriya, V.; Deen, K.I.; Salgado, L.S.S.; Kumaragae, S.K.
Introduction: Comprehensive knowledge, realization of the frequency and multiplicity of abnormalities of the extrahepatic biliary tree are requisites for safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Material and methods: Descriptive-prospective cross sectional study W'\S performed in 200 patients, who underwent LC for symptomatic gall bladder (GB) disease and 60 dissected cadavers, to observe variations in GB, cystic duct (CD), cystic artery (CA) and Calot's triangle. Ethical approval was obtained. Results: No abnormality was seen in the gallbladder in 258 (99.2%). Two (1 %) Patients, had abnormalities in the gallbladder. Those were septate and bipolar. Four cadavers (6.6 %) had abnormalities of the cystic duct; 2 absent CD, 1 hepato-cystic duct, 2 with two cystic ducts. The cystic duct was seen to form a classical Calot's triangle in 249(96%). In 11, (5(0.25%) patients, 6(10%) cadavers) the CD was abnormal; 8(73%) had flathorizontal path and 3(27%) were parallel to CBD. The average length of the CD was 3 em in 47 cadavers. Short (<3cm) and long CD (>3cm) were found in 8/60(13.3 %) and 5/60(8.3 %) respectively. In 148(57 %) the right hepatic artery (RHA) was medial to the CHD. In 107(41 %), the RHA was in the triangle of Calot's and in 5(patients 2, cadaver 3) the RHA crossed over the CHD. 231(89%) Of the cystic arteries had no variations. In 29(11 %) (patients 17, cadavers 12) we found abnormalities; 13(5 %) had two cystic arteries, 13(5 %) cystic arteries were anterior to the CHD and 3(1 %) cystic arteries were anterior to cystic duct. Conclusion: The biliary and hepatic arteries had significant variations whilst gallbladder and cystic duct positions were relatively constant in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Awareness of the variations in the extra hepatic biliary system and related vasculature will prevent the iatrogenic injury. 143
Bibliographical Information Sources for Japanese Studies in Sri Lanka
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Ranasinghe, P.
Bibliographical information is the foundation of any research. No research can be successfully carried out without sufficient bibliographical information at the hand of researcher. The main objective of this research was to create a database on the sources of Japanese studies in the field of social sciences and humanities with special reference to the research needs of Sri Lankan scholars engaged in Japanese studies. Research was carried out at Saga University in Japan under the Japan Foundation Fellowship Programme in the year 200112002. · 1 fence Humanities and social Sciences cover a wide variety of subjects the study was carried out on a selective basis focusing mainly the following subject fields: general reference works on the disciplines, Japanese language and literature, Japanese history and culture, Philosophy and religion, Social and economic studies. As the preliminary survey done in Sri Lanka in the year 2000 revealed that most of the Sri Lankan scholars look for works written in English or translated into English, works written in Japanese language were not covered in this study. The methodology basically involved in the examination of library collections, published bibliographies, online databases and web sites as well as discussions with specialists in the field. Among the major sources examined OPACs of National Diet Library, Nichibunken, Japan Foundation, The British Library, Library of Congress and NACSIS Webcat are to be mentioned. Collected data on the information sources were entered into a computer database enabling users to find information under authors, titles, subjects, keywords, published years and publishers. Major findings suggested that (1) there is a scarcity of separate bibliographies, indexes and databases on Japanese sources published in English (2) most of the existing printed bibliographies on these sources in English are outdated (3) attempts of certain foreign universities and research institutes on Japanese studies are not adequate to satisfy the research needs of non-Japanese scholars (4) there is a clear need to have specialized databases in English for Japanese studies (5) such databases would trigger Japanese studies in many countries in the world.
Career Aspiration of Undergraduates in Sri Lanka
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Thrikawala, S.S.
As far as fundamental predicament of countries is concerned, even in the Sri Lanka, unemployment remains vital issue in order to ascertain the solution. The expansion of the private sector in a country, can lend a hand to conquer this unemployment, as they are the engines of growth. However the developing countries such as Sri Lanka, private sector mostly engage with Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Moreover the employment opportunities in large-scale organizations and the public sector are not increasing in relation to the labour force due to lack of industrial development. As a consequence, it is necessary to accelerate the SMEs and Entrepreneurship in Sri Lanka in order to achieve a sustainable economic development. So as to promote SMEs and Entrepreneurship, it is important to ascertain whether the people are committed to start their own business or to employee in a SME with the intention gaining the managerial experience and the training rather than waiting for an employment in large organizations and government sector. The objective of this study is to determine the undergraduates' aspiration on employing for SMEs. Multi National Corporations (MNCs), Government! Statutory Board or their own business and the factors that are influenced for their own decision. Another objective is to provide a platform to promote entrepreneurship education among undergraduates. This research signifies the outcome of a study that carried out for 300 third year Bachelor of Commerce undergraduates learning in the University of Kelaniya, which is the one of the foremost University in producing commerce graduates in Sri Lanka. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the undergraduates' to see their· aspiration of working in a MNC, SME, Government Organization or their own business. The self aspiration of undergraduates was find out by using 5-point scale for each of ten job factors says payment, fringe benefits, working condition, managerial quality and relationships, long-term career prospects, responsibility given, authority, involvement in decision making, marketability and job security. The findings reveled that the Self-employment and SMEs provide authority, involvement in decision making, working condition and managerial quality and responsibility but not the payment, fringe benefits, long-term career prospects and job security comparing with the MNCs and Government Organizations.
Church Burials of Dutch Sri Lanka
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Saldin, M.
!\tier expelling the Portuguese from the coasts of Sri Lanka it was the Dutch who ruled the Maritime Province. The Dutch were successful in the total expulsion of the Portuguese in 1658 with the surrender of Jaffna (de Silva, 2005: 11 ). One of the principle testimonies and living legacies of Dutch rule in Sri Lanka are its churches. Only three Reformed Churches built during the heyday of the Dutch remain standing to the present day (Brohier, 2001). They are the Dutch Reformed Church at Wolvendaal (also known as Adirippm eediya Palliya), the Galle Dutch Reformed Church and the Matara Dutch Reformed Church. These churches arc line examples of Dutch architectural tradition executed by local craftsmen. Although the deceased are traditionally buried in a cemetery adjoining the church it is significant that these churches also entomb Dutch Gm crnors of Sri Lanka. their kin and other notable families vvithin the church building itself (de Silva and Beumer, 1988). Several tombstones found within the church are as paving for the floor. In addition the remains of deceased persons were also placed within the walls of the church. It was customary for the Dutch to bury the dead within the Church and they appear to have carried on this tradition in Sri Lanka as well as Batavia (Modern day Jakarta, Indonesia). Burial inside the church \\as reserved l(lr those who could pay the highest sum and many Christians believed that burial within or near the church was a wa: to be close to God (Sloan. 2002: ~n. This paper hopes to discuss \ arious features of these tombstones especially as they reveal several important clues of past life to archaeologists i.e. the carvings for instance suggest the use of local craftsmen. and the motifs used on the tombstones also have different symbolic meanings. Important families also have their coat of arms emblazoned on their tombstones, which indicate a social hierarchy. Through the study of these tombstones we may also better understand the attitude people had towards death, which is essential to understand society as a whole.
Collection Development Policies in the University Libraries in Sri Lanka
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Fernando, W.C.S.
All Library Services are collection based. Libraries cannot exist without collections. Collection of materials that record human thought by libraries can be defined as library collections. Since the library is a growing organism it is inevitable that all types of libraries should engage in the development of their collections. University libraries are considered to be central to the entire education and research activities of universities. Therefore the careful developed collections that satisfy the user needs are essential to university libraries. The present study is an investigation of the collection development policies of the university library in Sri Lanka. Thoughtfully prepared policy framework is a must in order to develop a balanced and effective collection in a university library. Fifteen university libraries except those in north and east have been selected for the study. Data gathering was mainly done by using questionnaire method. Questionnaire was targeted at finding out the collection development policy of each library. It was found that no university library examined under the survey had written collection development policy, other than traditional norms used in book selection. As a result the collection were not balanced and unable to satisfy user needs satisfactorily. Unnecessary duplication, unused materials, lack of needy recourses, frustration of users, inefficiency delivering information services were seen a direct results of the absence of proper collection development policy. It is suggested that each university library in Sri Lanka should formulate a collection development policy in consultation with relevant stakeholders within the university as well an outside the university. Such a policy must be a written document and should under go periodical revisions to reflect the changes in education and research activities of the university. Collections developed on such a policy could only deliver the maximum benefit to the clientele.
Colonizing Gender: Literary Representations of the Impact of Colonialism on Gender in Native American Societies
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Manuratne, P.
The history of Native and first nation people of North America is a history of exploitation, destruction and genocide. Colonialism has functioned in multiple ways to exploit Native resources and land, and has in the process, transformed Native cultures in irreparable ways. While economic exploitation, administrative regulation, and cultural genocide in colonial America are intimately linked, gender is an important area in which all three intersect in significant ways. The aim of colonial oppression remains relatively homogenous irrespective of its geographic location-exploiting the colonized society and its resources. However, colonial oppression takes significantly different forms in different colonial contexts. Thus, it is necessary to look at ways in which gender in Native American cultures was regulated by the colonizing culture and how these colonial practices have transformed the Native American cultures. This paper examines four aspects of gender regulation by the colonial process in Native American .societies. Drawing on the research by Bonita Lawrence, Tsianina K Lomawaima, Lisa J Udel, and Quincy 0 Newell, I examine how colonial practices transform gender relations in the colonized cultures. The classification of Indians, the establishment of boarding schools, the emergence of Motherwork as a political category, and the effect of the contact between 1 alive Americans of California and early Spanish missions are four aspects of gender and gender regulation discussed by these authors. 1 examine literary and theoretical texts by Native American writers within the context provided by these writers to argue that colonialism transforms gender relations in colonized countries and attempts to hegemonize colonial gender categorizations and unequal gender relations within the colonized cultures.
The Concept of the Child as Portrayed through La can 's Mirror Stage
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Harischandra, M.M.S.
Frenchman Jacques Lacan can be considered one of the greatest psychologists of the second half of the 20 th century. His main research interest was the "re examination of Freud" Lacan's primary concepts focused on the 'imaginary', 'symbolic' and 'real' .The concept of 'imaginary' was concerned with a stage in childhood which is referred to as the mirror stage which is considered a psychological significant and revolutionary stage. According to Lacan the child enters the symbolic stage after the mirror stage via the oedipus era. The symbolic world is here ref~rred to as the world of language. Be improved his theories on the 'imaginary' through his observations of animal behavior patterns. Lacan's studies indicate that a child passes the mirror stage between 6 to 18 months. This stage is divided into three categories, and he explains here how the child perceives reality. In the first stage the child acts on the belief that the reflection he sees in the mirror are true. In the second stage the child realizes that his reflection is just a mirror image and not the truth, but does not realize that it is a reflection of himself, in the third stage the child realizes that the reflection in the mirror is his mirror image (reflection) and that it represents him. Lacan states that the child reaches a state of great happiness after realizing that the reflection in the mirror is that of his ov>n. Our relationship with the world and life commences after realizing this perception. Hence we see that the child reaches self realization after viewing his mirror reflection. Lacan further state that individuals "ego" or consciousness is formed during this stage. Through comparison with another image the childs forms his own sense of ego. Since the child realizes that the mirror reflection is none other than himself he equates the reflection and a perception of himself This research therefore is proof that Lacan is indeed one of the greatest psychologists of our time.
Consideration of the Blood Supply of the II eo-caecal Segment in Valve Preserving Right Hemicolectomy
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Fernando, E.D.P.S.; Deen, K.I.
Introduction: The ilea-caecal valve (ICV) is known to control the flow of chyme and to prevent bacterial colonization of the small intestine. Preservation of this segment during right hemicolectomy is likely 'to prevent loss of its function. Methods: Fifty four fresh human cadavers (37 male, 17 female; median age- 54 years, range 18 to 90 years) were studied after obtaining written, informed consent from a relative. At postmortem, 20cm of terminal ileum with the ilea-caecal segment and up to 20cm of ascending colon were removed en-block with its mesentery and blood supply. The ileo-colic artery was cannulated and injected with 1 Oml of water soluble red dye under pressure. The arterial supply was dissected to demonstrate a pattern. Results: In all, the ICV was supplied by the ileo-colic artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric, which divided into an anterior and a posterior caecal branch. A marginal branch of the right colic was noted to contribute to ICV blood supply in only 2( 4%). Furthermore, study of the anastomosis at the ICV showed that the anterior caecal artery was present in all ( 1 00% ), posterior caecal in 48(89%) and recurrent ileal artery was present in 53(98%). A rich anastomosis between vessels at the ICV; small 'windows', short tributaries, was seen in 38(70%) whilst a poor anastomotic network at the ICV; large 'windows', long tributaries, between these vessels was seen in 12(22%). In 4(8%), we were unable to determine between rich and poor anastomotic networks clearly. Other variants included, was absent posterior caecal artery in 6(11 %) and absent recurrent ileal artery in 1(2%). 144
Consumer Characteristics and Supermarket Selection Criteria
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Shamil, M.; Gajanayake, R.
In Sri Lanka. the intensity of competition among supermarket cl-iain stores has increased. But a vacuum exists on literature and research findings in this particular area of marketing in Sri Lanka. Therefore this study attempts to explore the relationship between consumer characteristics and Supermarket selection criteria in Sri Lanka. Since an abundance of global literature exists on various formats of stores, this study utilizes variables identified in such literature. Previous research has revealed a connection between demographic characteristics and choice of retail format (Carpenter and Moore. 2006 ). Arnold ( 1997) provided empirical evidence that the demographic profile of consumers who shop at the large format stores is different from the profile of the non-shoppers (Baltas and Papastathopoulou, 2003). A field study by Zeithaml (1985) to examine the effects of five demographic variables on supermarket variables revealed that changes in the family unit would drive changes in grocery patronage in the USA (Carpenter and Moore, 2006). Stone (1995) found that demographics of warehouse club members and supermarket shoppers differ significantly (Baltas and Papastathopoulou, 2003 ). Using consumer characteristics as an independent variable should increase our standing on shopper behavior and provide insight to marketers in this field. A questionnaire was developed based on the evidences of literature and undergraduates were used as researches to collect data from shoppers that visited supermarkets in Kiribathgoda between 4. 00 p.m. and 6. 00 p.m. during weekdays and weekends. Data were collected from 1 00 shoppers that visited supermarkets in Kiribathgoda and it reveals that significant demographic characteristics exist among shoppers visiting different supermarket stores.
Consumer Evaluation of Brand Extension -with Special Case Reference to the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Sector in Sri Lanka
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Wanninayake, W.M.C.B.; Dissanayake, D.M.R.
Today most of the organizations in FMCG sector have interest on fallowing the brand extension strategy to increase the sales of product lines the FMCG sector in Sri Lanka, both local and multinational FMCG sector companies operate, follow the market penetration and with brand extension strategy in a broader perspective .Brand extension strategy is widely used because of the fact that strongly positioned brand could build and communicate the brand values sucesfuly.Then the customers are motivated to do trial purchasing and averse the risk of new product. However there is no empirical evidence to understand consumer evaluation of brand extension. The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceived quality, perceived fit and the perceived difficulty of the consumers associated with how they behave with a brand. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a survey conducted in Colombo and suburbs. The sample size was 150 customers who were profiled with the environment of Colombo and suburbs. Data were collected using a self administrated questionnaire with multi item scales to measure those constructs. The study revealed that both perceived quality and perceived fit have direct positive effect on consumer evaluation of brand extention.Futher it found that when the extension is fit with the original brand, it has a grater chance to trial the product resulted in brand extension strategy. And also, the study identified that there is a significant effect of the brand experience towards the degree of involvement of the customers for the new product lines. Finally it further revealed the effect of the repetition A TL adv~rtising and consumer sales promotion play a outstanding promotional role to inspire the consumers for brand extension strategy.
Contraction of Sinhalese Legal System during the Rule of Western Invaders
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Sanjeewa, A.S.P.S.P.
The inception and the development of the Sinhalese judiciary and legal system go back to the period of Sinhalese kings. As in India, at the beginning Sinhalese laws were not late down in writing. Even though at times certain laws were put into writing, basically the law existed as customs .One of the basic responsibilities of the ruling king was to look after and maintain existing laws and customs laid down by the previous kings. The king was counted as the ultimate source of law and the decision maker at crucial points. The Sinhalese laws were implemented and obeyed by the people throughout the country. The Sinhalese law affected even the foreigners. During times of many foreign rulers they had used Sinhalese laws to facilitate their rule. One clear example was king Elara. These laws were treated as the accepted laws in the country up to the time of the last king, Sri Wicrama Rajasingha. By this time Dutch invaders who were ruling the costal area had introduced some of their own laws in those areas. There is evidence to say the Dutch had tried to implement the Sinhalese laws, customs, and judiciary system in the areas under their rule. Anyway during the period of Dutch and British rulers they introduced separate laws for Muslims, and Tamils in Jaffna. The British declared that the Sinhalese laws will have no effect over the foreigners, Tamils, and the people from the low country who are living in the Kandyan kingdom. Due to these reasons finally the Sinhalese laws were limited to the so called Kandyan. Therefore the Sinhalese law or the Kandyan laws became a private law. My objective is to study the way in which the Sinhalese law became a private law.
Contrastive Study on Spoken Tamil and the Spoken Sinhala Case Markers
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Rajarathnam, K.
The purpose of the paper is to give a brief introduction of the case markers of Sinhala and Tamil and it is specially focused on the areas of difficulty that the SriLankan Tamil speakers will have in learning Sinhala case markers. Case markers are the basic units in Language, which combine words while making a meaningful sentence. Those who don't have a clear knowledge on case inflexion may fail to write/ speak a language fluently. As Sinhala and Tamil belong to two different language families a vast difference could be noticed while using the case markers. Speakers of Tamil language often make mistakes, specially on dative marker 'ta' , referential ease marker 'gen 'langa', instrumental case marker 'nisa, 'ta' 'en' and sociative case marker 'ekka' etc. The sociative case marker for instance The sociative case marker is 'ooTay 'in spoken Tamil, where as in spoken Sinhala it is 'ekka' Eg: AmmavooTay varjgo Amma ekka enna (come with mother) PalatooTay varjgo A Tamil speaker may translate this sentence into Sinhala as, Palaturut ekka enna instead of palaturu aran enna. To overcome this problem we have to explain the similarities and the differences between these two languages. 1. Sinhala nouns are categorized as Animate Vs Inanimate 2. Tamil nouns are categorized as Human Vs Non human In this paper the case markers used in spoken Tamil are being compared with the case markers of standard spoken Sinhala. It is believed that it would help to understand the difficulty that Tamil students face while forming a Sinhala Sentence.
Contribution of Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation Projecton 1-1 uman Development (A Case Study in Udugoda Water Supply and Sanitation Project)
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Waniganeththi, W.V.W.G.
Human development is to expand the ability of enjoying a healthy life giving opportunity to acquire knov .. lcdgc and increase the access a higher life style. i\ water supply and sanitation f~Kility at a standard level is vital in human development in a community. According to the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations, the main target is to minimize the population who could not have access good quality drinking water by year 2015 with the help of national level strategies of sustainable development. Conventionally, water supply project have been large scale capital intensive and mostly state sponsored "The community based water supply and sanitation project" is one such project implemented to provide optimum water supply and sanitary facilities of rural community of Sri Lanka. The structure of this project consists of a community activity. education programme, and sanitary programme. ;\ community based water supply and sanitation project is being operated at 351/ A. Udugoda Grama Niladhari Di\ision as one of the eighteen projects implemented by Attanagalle Divisional Secretariat Division. Udugoda village community has been experiencing a problem of shortage of water since the village is facing a scarcity of water even during a short dry season. They have been experiencing different health and sanitary needs when they were trying to satisfy these needs in informal ways. The objectives of this study was to identify the health and sanitary problems of rural people, to identify the quantitative and qualitative problems relating to supply of water , to study the project's contribution by giving sustainable water supply and sanitary facilities towards upgrading the healthiness of rural people. The methodology was purposive sampling and data were collected through questionnaires. interviews and observations. Building a community hall and conducting programme of good health and sanitary practices have been done under the community activity and the hygiene programmes respectively. Under sanitary progrmamc, toilets facilities arc supplied for the families who did not have toilet facilities and community based water supply programme supplied a sustainable tap water by using people's resources and creativity and transfer the ownership and maintenance of the water supply project to the people themselves. The project provided them with safe drinking water, which helps to reduce water borne diseases. This was the substantial contribution towards the human development.
The Contribution of the Higher National Diploma in English (HND in English) Conducts by the Advanced Technological Institute (ATI) in Fulfilling the Objectives of the Country
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Wijayasekara, I.P.
Today, the use of English has become an indispensable part in the lives of every Sri Lankan. To survive in the new millennium, English is essential. The government has taken several steps to raise the proficiency of English within the country. English was introduced as a subject under the technical education in 1980s, with the purpose of spreading the English knowledge in every part of the country and to minimize the disparity in learning English. The Higher National Diploma in English conducts by the Advanced Technological Institute (ATI) is an end result of this task and this study attempts to test the successes and the failures of the course, in fulfilling the objectives of the country. The study has been carried out through a questionnaire survey administered among the students who are at present following the HND in English at the ATI in Kandy. The secondary data employed has been assembled from accessing the internet and referring an array of related books. Among the conclusions drawn the course provides a good opportunity for the students at the middle level to learn and improve English. Further it will assist to avoid the vacuum in learning English. But lack of human and physical resources exist as restrictions for the students to reach a standard position. Hence the resources available within the country should be utilized fully to give them a good opportunity than at present.
Cosmological Models with Both Acceleration and Deceleration
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Katugampala, K.D.W.J.; de Silva, L.N.K.
Since Perlmutter and others (1997) & ( 1998) 12 observed that the universe expand with an acceleration, many models involving dark energy have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. In this paper \ve present a family of cosmological models with both acceleration and deceleration . We write Einstein's Field Equations in general relativity in the form, The 1\ term introduced by Einstein himself gives rise to a field that repels particles and objects rather than to one that attracts them. Hemantha and de Silva (2003)&(2004) 3'4 modified the field equations so that what is conserved is not the energy momentum of matter and radiation but the energy momentum of matter and radiation and the energy of the 1\ field, which they considered as the "dark energy". They obtained the equations, .. 2 kc 2 R2 2R Kp=I\C +-+-+- R2 R2 R 3k 3R2 Kp = - 1\ - R 2 - R 2 c 2 ' where • denotes differentiation with respect to cosmic time t .The above equations lead to . . ( pJR . 1\ 3p+--+p+--=0 c 2 R K As the density p(t) has to be a positive quantity we can show that k = 1, is the only possible value of k that satisfies the above equations. We assume that a family of solutions of above equations for R, can be written in the form, R =a+ b1 coswt + b3 cos3wt Using the boundary conditions, we have * R = 0 at t = 0 . • •• 7( * and R = 0, R = 0, at t = -, (point of inflection) 2 R = -b3 (1 - cos3 OJt) . Recent observations 5 have led to the approximate value 2 for the ratio of dark energy 3 matter density ( p) [~ J , p {:.=/(! and to the value 1.6 for the redshift [ ;1 "'0 :,, J , at the onset of acceleration. Taking this redshift to be a constant I wl=- 2 a family of solutions can be found for different ratios of dark energy to matter. Similarly keeping the ratio of dark energy to matter as 2 we find that a family of solutions can be 3 obtained for different values for the above redshift. Though there is no solution when the redshift is 1.6, there is a solution when its value is 1.3, which is good enough considering the uncertainties associated with measurements. The age of the universe is estimated 6 to be 13.7 billion years. Then taking the present value of the cosmic time t as 13.7 billion years, we find b 3 = - 8. 3 3 x 1 026 em , OJ = 5.16 X 1 o-IS rad r 1 ' when the above redshift is 1.3. The graphs for these values are given below. It is seen that R(t) has both acceleration and deceleration. Radius of the universe x1o"' Density of the homogeneous universe ~ 10 2' Density , R<:t) 0 06 0 8 1 1 2 I 4 0 5 Cosmic timet 2 x10 ·s Cosmic timet • ,··
Cultural Heritage- Treasure Hunting in Sri Lanka
(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Wijesooriya, D.
The rich history of Sri Lanka is made up of movable and immovable remains scattered all over the country. While examining literary and archaeological sources the ancient rulers of this country took various measures, made laws, and used systematic methods to . safeguard our ancient heritage. As a result of this a reasonable amount of archaeological remains survived even during the Civil War, calamities and unavoidable circumstances. The criteria required by the Antiquities Amendment Act (1998) were that any cultural or national phenomena, which was 100 years or more remain a legal archaeological ruin. Although the country owns a good collection of archaeological remains, media and other sources always tend to report its ruin and destruction. The media points out various methods employed for this destruction. Out of these, the theft of artefacts remains the highest mode of destruction to archaeological remains. According to press reports and Archaeological Department information the highest number of artefact theft occurred from temple premises and private owners. The ultimate goal of stealing these artefacts was to export them to foreign markets, in order to obtain valuable foreign exchange. It was clear that illegal trade organizations were behind this. The ultimate result is the increase of the volume of illegal trade. Thus the aim of this paper id to cover the following areas of study: 1. To find out the causes of the increase in the stealing of archaeological remains/antiques 11. The nature ofthe causes 111. To minimise the situation