ICSS 2018
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Item Agro-Forestry Practices In Tea Cultivation Arears With Special Reerence To Nuwaraeliya, Sri Lanka(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Sumanapala, M.R.N.S.Agro-forestry is an activity that combines production on the same plot of land, with annual agricultural activities and delayed long term production by trees. The hill country plantation area is mainly concerned with tea crop expecting high production. This rich agro-forestry system is created consisting of several practices. Indian Tamil community acts as the labor force for the production of tea. Objectives of the study are, to identify the flora species which support tea cultivation and their role sustain in sustainability, to study about the agro-forestry practices developed by communities in estate sector and to understand the institutional contribution for development of agro-forestry practices in tea estate sector. Data was collected by direct observation, interviews and questionnaire survey. Secondary data were collected by using reports, books and articles and important web pages. Fifty samples were selected to fulfill the objectives of the study. Result was that Sevendara (Vetiveria zizanioides), Chinese grass (Miscanthus sinensis), Flower species were used to control the negative effect on soil fertility by erosion. Trees like Era Badu (Erythrina Fusca), Ipil Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), Sakota or Sabokku (Gravillea banksii), Ladappa (Gliricidia sepium), coffee (Coffea), are the shade trees which introduced to tea estates. Nitrogen requirement for the tea plants also fulfilled by some tress namely, Ladappa and Era badu. Vrieties of Mana like Goutemala, Pengiri mana (Cymbopogon nardus), Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon cirtratus) increase soil fertility and reduce the number of harmful insects in the soil layer. Plants like Croton (Codiaeum variegatum), Coffee, and Mexican sun flower (Tithonia diversifolia) species develop strong boundary system. Home gardening and Animal husbandry activities are common agro-forestry practices in the estate sector. Government had introduced some development programs to increase the livelihood condition through agricultural activities like inland fishery programs, livestock programs and home garden concept. Besides, non-governmental organizations also supported the communities by giving goats or cattle to develop the home base economic activities. Home garden concept is not a well-organized activity in the estate area because, as people explained, they do not have much time to sustain home gardens as a result of their busy life. Stakeholder awareness rising programs needed to be increased in these areas.Item An Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Northern Areas of Pakistan: A Case of Organic Farming Hunza Valley(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Murtaza, S.H.; Dr.Nawaz, R.The paper aims to seek the effects of tourism on biodiversity (Variety of plants and animals life in a particular habitat) of Northern Areas of Pakistan considered as visitor’s paradise filled with colors of nature. It is believed that tourism leads to economic growth of a specific region, with spillover effect on national economy. Tourist industry needs massive arrangements like housing, transportation and infrastructural development; with a negative bearing on environment in form deforestation, air pollution, water pollution, land erosion and other ecological losses. An obvious consequence of tourist movement is influx of consumer goods produced in industrial towns; that will act as catalyst for polluting environment in form of plastic, heavy metals (A metal of relatively high density) and CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons: hazardous materials for nature). Furthermore inclusion in net of national economy serves as a detriment of local small scale village based industries. The paper aims to analyze the impacts generated by a boom in tourist industry on natural, social and economic ecology of northern areas of Pakistan through SWOT analysis and suggest remedies to cure environmental degradation by establishing environment friendly local economies of Hunza Valley of Pakistan.Item An Analysis of Visitor Satisfaction on Service Quality at Colombo National Museum, Sri Lanka(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Weerasingha, G.B.I.A national museum has the potential to offer an authentic experience about the travel destination at a glance. Colombo National Museum, being located in the commercial hub of the island, is a determinant attraction in both cultural and heritage tourism aspects. Historical perspectives and the prestige artefacts denoted at the museum, attract thousands of visitors per annum. It is beneficial to measure the visitor satisfaction at Colombo Museum since the visitor is prominent for any tourist attraction to determine the survival of the attraction. Further the satisfaction level is critical on decision making of reviews, revisits, recommendations and creating an image about the attraction. Visitors are arriving with certain levels of perception and after the visit the perceived experience is resulted on different satisfaction levels due to the available facilities, features, and services at the site. Major objective is to analyse the service quality gap at the site as a tourist attraction. Specific objectives are to evaluate the quality of the visitor related facilities at the site and to explore the possibilities to promote the site with enhancing the visitor experience with quality services. The research is conducted on both qualitative and quantitative methods, where primary and secondary sources are referred in data collecting. Survey technique is used with structured questionnaire distributed for the visitors at the premises and the museum management was interviewed to identify their intellectual ideas. The questionnaire given for the visitors is designed based on the SERVEQUAL method where the visitors’ expectations were compared to perceived experience at the site. 5 elements in SERVEQUAL model including Reliability, Assurance, Tangibles, Empathy and Responsiveness were measured. 50 foreign visitors and 50 domestic visitors were used as the sample based on convenience sampling technique. Findings of the research indicate that there is distinctive gap between the visitors’ expectations and the perceived experience on service quality during the visit to the Colombo MuseumItem Buddhism, Xuanzang and Sri Lanka(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Gunawardana, N.The main objective of this research paper is to identify the authenticity of the historical facts compiled on Sri Lanka, by Xuanzang. He travelled to India in seventh century C.E. Although he wanted to visit Sri Lanka, he could not visit the island owing to a famine and political unrest in Sri Lanka. He visited Kānchipuram, and there he met the chief monks of the Bodhimegehsvar and Abhayadrustra with three hundred other fellow monks. Xuanzang’s records of Sri Lanka were based on, what he has heard from the above mentioned monks. In this research attention was given to compare the records of Xuanzang with the chronicles of Sri Lanka, the Divyāvadāna, the records Faxian and the Jātaka stories. Samel Beal’s English translation of the Buddhist Records of Western world, (1906) and Li Rongxi’s the Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions (1996) were studied. Max Deeg’s unpublished English translation of Xuanzang’s document strengthened my knowledge. Xuanzang reveals two stories regarding the origin of Sinhalese people. One of the stories is much more similar with the Mahāvaṃśa and the other is similar to that of the Divyāvadāna. The two different traditions may have been used by him to compile his records. It is important to study all these literary sources and its influence on the records of Xuanzang and this paper proposes to discuss the significance of all these aspectsItem Can Craft Consciousness Disband Ethnic Consciousness? Case-study on Organic Reconciliation Process of Traditional Handicraft Makers from Batticaloa District(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Perera, U.M.; Dhanushka, M.D.; Gunathilake, N.Any form of armed conflict creates a cleavage in the social, political and economic spheres of people in a given society. In the post-war Sri Lanka, the SLFP and present governments have employed numerous developmental programs as one of the reconciliation mechanisms; yet, these measures proved to be less successful than expected. Through this article, we are bringing the evidence of an organic reconciliation process that has already existed among Muslims and Tamils of Batticaloa, in the form of handicraft making such as handloom weaving and pottery making. We are forwarding the argument that higher success rate can be observed by penetrating into the cultural heritages of ethnographic practices of locals for decades and encouraging these practices to be resurfaced for a non-intrusive organic reconciliation process compared to the introduction of novel developmental programs. We have spent three months with two weeks at regular intervals collecting data from two separate camps of handloom weavers and pottery makers from the areas. The main research method is video-ethnography and within which interview technique is used to gather the samples’ thoughts. The sample consists of 10 Muslims and 12 Tamils from the weaving centre and 6 Muslims and 15 Tamils from the pottery makers’ side. The sample consists of both males and females. Our research proved that common economic hardships encourage the locals to rediscover their traditional roots which are both positively received and practiced by locals rather than outside developmental programs. In, conclusion, in Sri Lanka’s Batticaloa district’s local craft consciousness proved to be a powerful tool in bringing individuals together; and through social elevation of status has a direct contribution to country’s societal and human well-being as wellItem Changing Patterns of Puberty Customs of Sri Lankan Indigenous People: as Evident among the Yakkure Indigenous People Living in Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Ananda, T.; Nahallage, C.Puberty is a key process of human development into adulthood, involving the most rapid physical growth the human undergoes except for prenatal and neonatal growth. Most of the cultures possess customs and practices to mark this life-transforming event. According to the literature, the culture of the Sri Lankan indigenous people: The Veddas, had possessed specific puberty customs. During past hundreds of years, their whole cultural system has undergone intensive changes so the puberty practices. One of the indigenous communities that now have become a trans-community is Yakkure, situated in the Polonnaruwa District. Traditional dwellers of Yakkure relocated into the present habitat since Parana Yakkure which was affected by the Mahaweli development project. The present study was aimed to study the changing patterns of puberty customs of Yakkure people. Data collection was done through interviews and life histories. Data saturation was reached after 15 interviews conducted with adult females selected through purposive sampling method. Three stages of indigenous people’s lifestyle were identified: cave dwelling (hunting and gathering), nomad (Chena cultivation) and domestic (paddy cultivation). Puberty customs have formed and changed as an adaptation to these lifestyles. Merging with the main society and diffusion of cultural traits have directly caused the intensive changes of puberty practices. Separation of the girl in a hut called Kili Pela was a residual of their nomadic life style. Yakkure people have practiced this custom before they were relocated into their present habitat. This hut had been made with the roof covered by Illuk leaves and walls made of wattle and mud. At present girls allows staying inside the house and the majority are not aware of the use of Kili Pela. Corresponding to the Sinhalese, astrologer has become most influenced person throughout the custom. As a result of diffusion adorning charmed thread around girls’ neck (similar to the pariththa thread), dressing her in beautiful frocks, performing Kulla Damime custom (custom performed using winnowing fan), lightning an oil lamp, looking at her face through a mirror or a water basin, serving sweets etc. are practiced. This community’s culture is on the edge of disappearing. Further studies focusing on absorbing remaining cultural aspects are urgent than everItem Children and cinema: The Prominence and Effectiveness of Cultural Values in Child Cinema(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Hettiarachchi, K.S.T.; Gunasekara, H.N.W .Commonly held standards on which a complete community depends are named as cultural values. If further elaborated, cultural values are categorized into three main segments such as, customs (traditions and rituals), values (beliefs), culture (clothing, food, language etc.). It can be clearly seen that cultural values and the society are strongly connected with each other, as pre-mentioned, the community depends on cultural values. When discussing about the society, children are considered as the future generation of the community. Generally, a young human being below the age of puberty or below the age of majority of the community is considered as a child. However, as children are considered as the future generation of the society, it can be seen that, cultural values play an important role in their lives. This research paper examines the portrayal of the cultural values in children’s movies and its effect on lives of children. Children’s cinema is a medium of communication among adults and children. In addition, it is a sub-form of children’s literature and entertainment. However, these children’s movies are used as a subtle source of transmitting messages from adults to children. Cultural values play a major role in this medium as the future generation should have knowledge on their identical cultural values. This comparative study mainly focuses on how cultural values are portrayed in child cinema. Two culturally different children’s movies are selected to investigate the research problem; “How effectively cultural values are portrayed in the children’s movies and how portrayed cultural values in child cinema affect lives of children?” “Ho Ghana Pokuna” and “Les Vacances du petit Nicholas” are the movies selected as the research resources. These two movies represent Sri Lankan and French cultural values respectively. Moreover, as the chosen subject area is wide, few themes are selected to represent cultural values, namely; language, attire, beliefs and human bonds (family, friends etc.).The data analysis of the research study affirms that cultural values are important in building up society and humanity. Further it elaborates how effectively cultural values are portrayed in these two movies and the impact it causes in children’s lives. Moreover, this research study manages to evoke how the language, behaviour and believes of the focused audience; who are children, change after watching children’s movies for a period of time. Thus, it can be concluded that, the best children’s movies have attempted to introduce children to the real world of profound humanity and in this comparative research study it is proven that the importance and the effectiveness of cultural values in building up a better societyItem China's Silk Road Diplomacy, OBOR, and its Impact on Pakistan(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Ratnaweera, K.H.B.O.This research comprises a study of the Chinese New Silk Road diplomacy, One Belt One Road, and its impact on Pakistan. The study focuses on analysing the controversial Chinese intentions which led China to implement China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the pilot project of One Belt One Road under the Realist and Liberalist perspectives, and Sino-Pakistan relations. The research is heavily focused on identifying the impact of the project on socio-economic development of Pakistan as well as the threats and constraints that could possibly derail the positive implementation of the project. The research is a descriptive analysis comprised of the primary and secondary data from an array of sources taken from both governmental and nongovernmental publications. The flagship initiative of Chinese New Silk Road, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project constitute of construction of a network of railway and road infrastructures, fibre optics and energy pipelines along with the development of industrial zones, power plants and Gwadar port. According to the research findings, the potential impact of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project will significantly lead to Pakistan’s socioeconomic development. It will contribute to reducing the energy dependency and infrastructure deficit which have disrupted the sustainable economic growth of the country. However, due to some loopholes such as terrorist activities, division among politicians, lack of policy coordination etc., the research indicates that the proper implementation of the CPEC project has been disrupted. Nevertheless, this volatile situation can be overcome through better policy planning and implementation, application of stringent security and financial measures, and raising the public awareness regarding the bilateral agreements to mitigate the dissatisfaction widely prevailing among the local community on the division of CPEC prospectsItem Communication with communities: importance of listening and talking to people affected by disaster(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Ranasinghe, L.N.Under a systematic desk study, the paper reviews how community engagement has developed during the recent past and identifies reasons for which communication with communities has become indispensable in humanitarian action. Beyond the conceptual problem that NGOs hold almost all the power, major practical obstacles have been identified during the desk study. These obstacles can be summed up: too often, international humanitarian agencies act independently, with a focus on supplying a limited range of goods and services that they have already prepared; On the ground, operating practices are dominated by a ‘contract culture’ of winning and delivering grants. This limits the voice of affected people in decision-making. Statistics on community consultations for the World Humanitarian Summit states that 3/4 Syrians in Jordan report never being asked whether they have received the help which they needed. 1/2 conflict-affected Ukrainians have not received the assistance they needed because they were not aware of its availability. 9/10 of Syrians in Jordan have received assistance, but only 3/10 have found that assistance was helpful. Engaging with and being accountable to people affected by disaster and crisis is not a new proposition. According to the findings, it is rather stemmed in the participatory methods that emerged in the 1980s, and that were formalized as engagement and participation through system-wide initiatives such as Sphere, the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP), People in Aid, the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP) and, most recently, the Core Humanitarian Standard (CHS) on Quality and Accountability. The main finding of this ongoing desk study is that beyond oneway information provision and consultation, meaningful engagement is achieved when humanitarians ensure that public concerns are consistently understood, considered and addressed through ongoing dialogue or two-way communicationItem A comparative study of Slavian and Sinhala culture based on Sinhala New Year festival and Maslenitsa(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Wijethunga, A.P.S.L.; Abeysinghe, Y.S.Sinhala New Year which is celebrated after gathering harvest from paddy field marks the transition of the sun from the House of Pisces to the House of Aries. It’s usually takes place on April 14th every year. In that new year festive week entire Sinhala Buddhist folk follow and observe various custom and rituals such as household preparations, firing crackers, playing ‘Rabana’ which signal coming of Sinhala new year, lighting hearth, preparing special ‘Aurudu’meals, exchanging money (Ganu Denu), treating neighbors with various aurudu sweets, anointing of herbal oils (Hisatehel gema) and traditional folk games. In Slavian culture most cheerful festival is Maslenitsa. At the beginning, in older days Maslenitsa was a festival dedicates to remember the dead. But with the time it transformed into a entertaining joyful festival. The Maslenitsa marks the end of the winter festive season and beginning of new spring festival and ceremonies. In contrary to the Sinhala New Year Maslenitsa is aim to promote a rich harvest. This Slavian festival continuous for the week preceding the Lent. Each day of Maslenitsa week devoted to special activities. Monday – meeting day, Tuesday – games day, Wednesday – gourmand day, Thursday – walk about, Friday – mother-in law evening, Saturday – visiting sister – in law and Sunday – the day of forgiveness. During whole festive days people are treated and served with many special foods, most often blini (pancakes). Most peculiar feature of the Maslenitsa festival is making the dummy of Maslenitsa, which is burned at the end of the festival and ash is spread on the field a ritual observed believing for rich harvest. Comparisons study shows that there are many similarities between these two traditional festivals that witness a certain relationship of Sinhala culture with Slavian culture. The aim of this study is to examine about the celebration of New year based on the concept of the sun in two countries Sri Lanka and Russia. For this research, the author has used primary and secondary sources as research methodology.Item Confrontation of a Traditional Law with a Colonial Rule: The Kandyan Scene,1815 to 1833(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Koggalage, D.T.The British established their power in Kandy in 1815.They commenced their rule in the Kandyan Provinces as a separate administrative entity. Two factors were behind this decision. One is the political compulsion: the British were very much careful not to make immediate reforms which may have had a negative effect on the support they received from the Kandyan nobility. Secondly, the British were bound by the Convention of 1815 in such a way that they were not in a position to bring about arbitrary changes to the existing system. Therefore, they took the position of showing the Kandyans that they would continue the existing administrative system including the indigenous legal system and the law. However, in practice, even at the beginning the British did not fully abide by their promise to retain the existing system. The aim of this paper is to examine the changes which took place in the Kandyan Law during the initial years of British rule in the Kandyan Provinces consequent to their policy. This period, i.e. the first fifteen odd years, starting from 1815 was disregarded by most of the previous researchers, who have studied the British impact on traditional customary law of the Kandyans. This was due to their intense focus on the more pronounced and influential reforms such as C.H. Cameron’s Reforms to the Judicial System in 1833. Therefore, this study pays attention to a period which was less prominent when it comes to legal history of Sri Lanka. Emphasis would be on changes which took place during this period and the manner in which those changes occurred. The research question is: when did the changes to the traditional law of the Kandyans start; was it after 1818 or 1833? In this research historical methodology was adopted making use of documents pertaining to early British rule in the Kandyan Provinces as the main primary source. The hypothesis is that although the changes to the existing law was more pronounced after 1818 and structural changes began to occur after the 1833 Reforms, in reality the changes to the law started with the Kandyan Convention of 1815 itself. The study revealed three different occasions where changes to the law were apparent. It was also concluded that these ‘minor’ changes were very much instrumental in shaking or weakening the existing law which was a key factor which facilitated the subsequent structural changes.Item Contribution of the Ruhunu Kataragama Dewalaya for the 1818 Kandyan Uprising(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Gunasinghe, H.C.Located in Southern Sri Lanka, Kataragama Dewalaya is believed to be holy because the renowned deity who is associated with it, known as Kataragama Deviyo. According to Hindu chronicles he is known for God of war, because the defeating his enemies and being victorious in battles. Kataragama Deviyo was venerated by Sri Lankan kings throughout the history. Kings such as Dutugamunu (161-137 BC) who ruled in the kingdom of Anuradhapura, had sought blessing from the Kataragama Deviyo before initiating his military conquests. In addition kings in the kingdom of Kandy, too had sought blessings from the Kataragama Deviyo. This historic narrative developed in the context of 1818 Kandyan Uprising against the British rule. In order to understand the contribution of the Ruhunu Kataragama Dewalaya, in shaping the 1818 Kandyan Uprising, literally sources were examined for this analysis. Before the 1818 Uprising began, Wilbawe the claimant for throne went on a pilgrimage to Kataragama as a Buddhist monk to seek blessings from the deity. When Wilbawe left the dewalaya, he took a sacred ornament from the dewalaya and a garment which had the portrait of the Kataragama Deviyo. It is said that he constantly venerated the sacred objects and the portrait he took from the shrine and made devotional offering to the deity. Even the Kapuralas and Bethmerala who were in charges of the dewalaya, blessed and supported to this uprising against the British. The general public too gave their support to the uprising, given the fact that Wilbawe had sought the blessing from the victorious Kataragama Deviyo. Thus, conclusively, Katargama Deviyo and Ruhunu Kataragama Dewalaya played a vital role in shaping 1818 Uprising against the British.Item Cooperation, Alignment, and Alliance: Defining Security Relationships for the 21st Century Strategic Environment(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Bosack, M.M.A.The Indo-Pacific is destined to be the region of the world with the most great-power competition in the 21st century. States will be seeking to align with others, but conventional models for alliances are outmoded in the context of modern competition. This paper provides a necessary update to core concepts associated with alliances and other security relationships. It examines strategies that underwrite competition and cooperation to provide better understanding of emerging trends in the Indo-Pacific’s security relationships. The nature of conflict and competition has evolved in ways that has made traditional conceptions of alliances obsolete, forcing a necessary reexamination of security relationships in the present era. Although conventional and nuclear conflict are still considerations, the broader application of diplomatic, information, and economic power in interstate competition means that traditional military alliances are ill-suited for the current strategic environment. Instead of focusing simply on the binary “ally” or “non-ally,” this paper clarifies security relationships in the context of modern competition by employing six key indicators: (1) common interests among states; (2) unilateral policies directed at security relationships; (3) routine security engagement; (4) negotiated policies; (5) negotiated instruments; and (6) negotiated alliance treaties. The paper concludes that these indicators serve both as measures for security relationships as well as tools for crafting strategic ends, ways, and means. It then uses examples of relationships in the region, including those among the United States, Japan, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, and China to illustrate key points. It isolates a taxonomy of security relationships under cooperation, alignment, and alliances, and suggests that alignments will be the most important in shaping the Indo-Pacific in the 21st century. This research provides key findings for states searching to build strategies for shaping security relationships in an increasingly contested regionItem Corporate Governance and Digital Technology in Business Institutions of Sri Lanka(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Dr.Jayawardane, T.V.P.This paper intends to look into an important connection between business ethics, policymaking, and technology. Doing business with moral principles and facing advancements of technology are difficult matters to handle, and the acceleration of disruptive technological change adds to the challenge for business institutes in Sri Lanka. Therefore it is important for the business institutes to demonstrate leadership in ensuring new technologies operate in an ethically sound manner. This paper investigates the relationship between corporate governance and performance of firms with focus on business institutions. The study started with investigation of corporate governance as a concept and, the literature on corporate governance and different theories and empirical evidence in the area were critically reviewed. In summary the outcomes of this paper will identify that there is a relationship between corporate governance and the performance of business institutions of Sri Lanka, that there are potential impacts and challenges of digital technology in these financial institutes and that there is a link between corporate governance and the firm performanceItem A Criminological Study on the Nature of Human Trafficking in Sri Lanka(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Ranaweera, K.G.N.U.; Buddhadasa, M.P.A.A.; Rathnayake, S.“Human Trafficking” means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Millions of men, women and children are victims of human trafficking for sexual, forced labor and other forms of exploitation worldwide. The main objective of the study was to investigate the nature of the human trafficking in Sri Lankan context. A purposive sample consisted 100 human trafficking victims selected through recorded complaints of Central Investigation Department (CID) were interviewed by using semi structured questionnaire. Results revealed that all were victims of “external human trafficking”. Majority of the sample (More than 75%) were victims of “forced labour” and they have been exploited in Singapore, Malaysia. Sri Lankan girls and women have been victims of “sexual exploitation” in Thailand and they were guaranteed to offer nursing and household works. Although there is a trend of Child trafficking it is not reported in Sri Lanka. Individuals with foreign agents were the traffickers and different victims of the same trafficker could be recognized. Unemployment, culture, short term hedonism, poverty and unawareness can be recognized as the main factors of creating “trafficking trends” in Sri Lanka. Legal empowerment and governmental intervention towards the foreign employment can be recommended as the preventive methodologiesItem Current Status of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) initiatives in University Libraries of Sri Lanka(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Rathnabahu, R.M.N.; Gamage, R.Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) is most important for academic research and plays an esteemed role in improving university ranking at present. The objective of this study is to find out the current status of Electronic Theses and Dissertations initiatives in university libraries of Sri Lanka. Fifteen (15) university libraries were selected as a sample for the study. A questionnaire was administered to fifteen university libraries and everyone replied. The data was again verified through telephone conversations and university website observations. According to the data analysis 73% of university libraries have initiated ETD projects while 07% was in the process of initiating. Twenty percent (20%) had not initiated an ETD project. The Open University of Sri Lanka, University of Peradeniya and the University of Moratuwa libraries were the pioneers of initiating ETD in Sri Lanka. All 73% libraries who had already implemented ETD were up-to-date. All libraries were using DSpace software to create ETD. Majority of the libraries have public online access up to abstracts level. Copyright issues, lack of professional staff and lack of proper training were considered as problems regarding ETD implementation in these libraries.Item Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Osmania University Post Graduate College, Siddipet Telangana State India(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Yadav, R.C.Developmental processes have several contradictions and poses difficult questions to different sections of society. The Telangana state in India, formed after a prolonged agitation, witnessed a particular discourse, strongly opposing dominant form of development process as was witnessed in united Andhra Pradesh. There is opposition to mega projects involving massive displacement and focus was more on tank irrigation in agriculture sector with active people’s participation. The characteristic features of discourse during Telangana movement are nondispossession and non-displacement. The incumbent government has ignored these aspects and has planned several mega, medium and small irrigation projects on various rivers, involving massive displacement and this has attracted widespread resentment, in particular with the construction of Mallannasagar, a lift irrigation project in Medak district. This paper examines the contestations over the project, with government arguing in favour and people, non-party organizations and political parties strongly opposing the way government is going ahead with developmental projects displacing farmers and landless farmers. How these contestations of various parties are being portrayed in media needs to be looked into? Media should indulge in objective reporting in coverage of development projects and has it done that is what needs to be examined. How media represented the movement and what are the politics involved in the representation are studied. Coverage given by the media about the displacement issues are studied over a period of two years and does it have an impact in changing any policies as far as providing rehabilitation is concerned is also pondered upon?Item A Desk Study: The Use of Public Relations in Promoting Films(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Ruwanpathirana, I.Film is an art form which is basically to entertain people through visual storytelling. On the other hand, it is a business which has been a huge revenue driver in the entertainment industry. However, not all films succeed with high profit margins. Success of a film depends on various functions and film promotion is one of them. Film Promotion is identified as a core of the journey of any film. Film directors and producers invest heavily on it and try various innovative strategies to reach out to the masses and create an impact in the minds and pockets of the cinema goers. This is where the use of Public Relations (PR) emerges. Public relations specialists believe that PR campaigns will be the next level of film promotions since many clients will go for it instead of marketing and advertising. The aim of this research was to study the emergence of public relations in world film industry and how films are promoted, branded, and distributed in all over the world through public relations functions. The research was conducted as a systematic inquiry. Secondary data were articulated such as books, research articles, articles on journals, newspapers, web sites and these materials were sufficiently utilized for the analysis. Due to the lack of secondary data related to Public Relation functions in Sri Lankan film Industry, primary data were gathered by interviewing three pioneer film directors and three pioneer film producers. Five international film production campaigns and three local film production campaigns were analyzed. Sample was selected according to purposive and judgmental sampling technique. The research revealed that with innovative public relations campaigns, world’s most lucrative film industries (Bollywood, Hollywood) has provided interesting case studies, which can be seen in the promotions of the films in near future. They have already proved Public Relations function is more beneficial than Marketing and Advertising. But most of Sri Lankan film makers are not aware of what Public Relations can do to make a film success.Item Digital Literature(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Kumara, A.M.C.The origin and the conclusion of the Communication History is cannot be specifically defined. Despite that, communication history is being developed in generation to generation. In the initial stage of communication, it is existed by signals, symbols, printing method, photography, cinema and television. As a result of Computer technology invention it has been improved as digital communication what is existing in today. This objective of this study is analyze Digital literature which has been developed by Digital technology. The study is conducted with the special reference to “Mosam Sanda” Blog page of Mr. Manjula Wediwardhana, who is known as very famous blogger. The methodologies of this study are Interview method and Blog page content analytical methods. In conclusion, this study is identified that the blog pages are doing paly major role for the digital literature. Furthermore, the experiences and concepts achieved by social, political and economic circumstances would contribute to create a digital reader. Finally this study illustrates that blog page is maintain by Tamil poems, new poems and songs as well.Item Distance Education through E-learning in Developing Countries:An Indian Perspective(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Dr.Subhani, S.R.In this era of 21st century, education plays a prominent role which paves the path towards the growth and development of any nation. Distance Education is a method of teaching where the instructor and learners are separated by time and or physical distance. E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning. Distance Education in the form of e-learning is the only way to reach the larger pitcher in this field. The presence of world-class education, India has been a major role to play in the international e-learning services industry; though some development efforts are taking place in developing countries, like India. The Indian government has been conducting much number of e-learning programmes through distance mode. However, everything has its pros and cons, India also not exempted. Even though there are some drawbacks in the system of Distance Education and there is a need to examine and review the present system, whether the larger number of people benefit from it or not. In this context, this paper concentrates on the Indian education scenario, e-learning content preparation and presentation tools, and application of e-learning to spread education to the remote areas, pros and cons of e-learning and future of e-learning in India. For this purpose, analytical and descriptive method was adopted and analyzed with the source of secondary data. A few suggestions have been made to use e-learning in distance education system, which is highly effective for a developing country like India where most of the population is living in rural areas and has received almost negligible formal education. The present paper aim creates an efficient platform for the enhancement of e-learning knowledge in the field of distance education