TRIVALENT/ත්රිසංයුජ
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Item Community Film Making and innovative direction of rural art (An ethnographic study on a Sri Lankan community film 'Walapane Satana')(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Lokuliyana, Aruna; Ruwanpathirana, Ileka'Community film' is an attractive new term that has been emerged over the past few years. Though Sri Lankans are familiar with 'Community radio', the phrase 'Community film' is still a novel idea. But, it has been recognized by the world that community filmmaking is a broad concept that can be understood and produced in different ways, such as participatory community filmmaking and non-participatory community filmmaking. This study focuses on 'participatory community filmmaking' and tries to understand how it works, why it is made, what the benefits are, and how we can use it as a tool to achieve something positive. Under the qualitative research approach, an ethnographic study was performed. Films have been classified under various criteria, and it helps to understand what type of film it is. Primary and secondary data were collected. Preliminary data was collected through participatory observation and interview methods. Since the film, 'Walapane Satana' was the only film found from Sri Lanka and easily fit into the criteria to call it a community film, it was used for the study. The research revealed a solid sociocultural background behind the making of this film. This particular community film has influenced the development of the place and individuals of this village in many ways. Almost all the villagers have participated in this film to attend and make, teach, learn, present, promote, judge, support, and span many artistic disciplines. Most importantly, some people have given up their lifelong bad habits to become a part of this film, and at the end of the film, they have entirely dumped those habits and have started effectively leading their lives. Furthermore, being a part of this film has added value to their lives, and it has empowered and educated them to become worthy citizens. These findings led the researcher to conclude the study with a strong opinion on community filmmaking as a powerful driver for social change.Item Glass Bead Making Technology in Ancient Sri Lanka(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Buddikasiri, P.R.A.; Madhumali, A.K.R.Bead making and trading of beads are some of the oldest industries in the world. Beads are small, colourful, symmetrical, and often quite beautiful. They are frequently standardized, inexpensive units that can be arranged in almost endless configurations. They can be seen not only in familiar forms of necklaces and bracelets but also on anklets, headbands, and headdresses. Beads are small, but important finds from Archaeological investigations. Especially, the discovery of beads creates enormous interest among the excavator, researchers and laymen. It provides excellent information to the understanding of various aspects of the human past. While a couple of studies surmise of bead production no study has been confined to study the bead making industry in Ancient Sri Lanka. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine if there was a glass bead making technology in Ancient Sri Lanka. It is hoped to study the glass bead making technology of the past based on the archaeological data uncovered through archaeological research conducted in Sri Lanka. This study focuses on the traditional analysis method. Mantai, Kantarodai, Tissamaharama,Kirinda, Abhayagiriya, Ridiyagama Giribawa and Ridiyagama is one of the leading areas in the study of glass beads design technology in Sri LankaItem Promoting Peace Through Tourism(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Wijayawickrama, ErangiThis paper discusses the relationship between peace and tourism and the way how tourism leadsto peace. Tourism doesn’t have a direct link with peace. But in several ways, tourism open paths to way for peace. Tourism should be designed and conducted properly to proceed and to maintain peace in society. Tourism in itself is a complex phenomenon. There are many benefits of the tourism industry. Of them implementing peace can be identified as one benefit. Peace means the absence of violence. In society, we can identify the structural violence which happens due to a lack of economic, social, political imbalance in many ways. The main reason for the structural violence is poverty. By implementing the tourism industry in society, it can be used to eliminate poverty by increasing economic development. Then indirectly Tourism has made the path for peace. Tourism is an extremely complex phenomenon through which identities and worldviews are continuously being represented, consumed, reconfirmed, negotiated and modified. This article describes separately peace, tourism and the relationship between tourism and peace. Tourism means a trip or a visit to an unknown place or a new place from the home place. By that tourists will meet different cultural people, and will understand the diversity of cultures as well as will learn the importance of respecting the diversity. This phenomenon also helps to share love and harmony with culturally different people. It will be an initiating point to begin peace in the world.Item Recently discovered Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Sites of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, Western India: A Report based on preliminary observations(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Dibyopama, AsthaIntensive and extensive exploration of archaeological explorations were carried out in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan Western India, by Dibyopama (2010). As the result of these surveys, two Upper Paleolithic and four Mesolithic sites were discovered. This is a significant contribution to the overall Archaeology of the Jodhpur district. This paper presents a preliminary report on the Microliths found in the Jodhpur district of the Rajasthan. Sites are located near the dry channel in the dunes of the Thar Desert. Microlithic tools along with lithic debitage were recovered from few localities in late Pleistocene contexts and some along with historical pottery.Item Terracotta figurines found on the Diyabate Rock belonging to the Thabbowa- Maradanmaduwa culture(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Athapaththu, Janaka; Devinda, Sanidu; Nadeeshani, Rangika; Jayarathne, Nirmani; Hansini, ImashiTerracotta figurines were discovered throughout Sri Lanka especially in the Northern, North Central and Eastern dry zones, have been traditionally assigned to the Thabbbowa-Maradanmaduwe culture the discovered sites indicate that they are closely connected with river basins, canals, tanks and agricultural landscapes. Terracotta figurines found from Diyabete rock in the Wanni Hathpaththu was the subject of this research and it is a place where archaeological evidence dating back to many ages. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Terracotta figurines found during the survey of Diyabete rock. Diyabate rock is located in the village of Kattabuwawa in the Maho divisional secretariat in the Kurunegala district of the Northwestern province. It belongs to the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The research problem of this study is, to find out If the Terracotta figurines found during the survey is similar to the Thabbowa Maradanmaduwa culture. The hypotheticaldeductive method was used during the research and based on the hypothesis that these terracotta figurines are belonging to the Thabbowa- Maradanmaduwa culture. The data record was created by the non-structural field survey, library survey, taking photographs, drawing, studying 1:50000 metric maps and by taking measurements. Terracotta figurines are found throughout South Asia including Sri Lanka and range in date from the Neolithic Period, through the Early Historic Period and into the present. Accordingly, the geographical features similar to other places in the island where elements of the Thabbowa Maradanmaduwa culture are found can be seen in this place as well. During the study, this makes it possible to believed that the features of this terracotta belong to Thabbowa-Maradammaduwa culture. However, the data obtained from the surface survey carried out here is not sufficient to come to an accurate conclusion and it is necessary to study this site extensively.Item Sustainability of Cultural Heritage Tourism: A Study Based on Cultural Triangle in Sri Lanka(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Wijesooriya, M.W.A.T.N.Cultural heritage tourism is one of the fastest-growing forms of tourism. The cultural triangle in Sri Lanka has great potentiality to develop cultural heritage tourism as it consists of unique cultural and heritage attractions including five of the UNESCO world heritage sites. Enhancing Sustainability is the key factor for developing the cultural triangle as one of the sustainable cultural heritage tourism destinations. Through the research, focus to identify how to achieve sustainable cultural heritage tourism in the cultural triangle. The main objective of the study is to achieve destination sustainability and identifying the potentiality for cultural heritage tourism development in the cultural triangle. The research is conducted using the quantitative method and primary data use to test the four hypotheses and to identify the correlation. A structured questioner was given to the non-randomly selected 265 (N) international tourists to represent their perceptions. SPSS was used to analyze the data. The results reveal that the most visited attractions in the cultural triangle and the four hypotheses were accepted. As the major findings identified that stakeholder involvement, economic development, environmental conservation, tourist satisfaction are leads to achieve sustainable cultural heritage tourism development in the cultural triangle, Sri Lanka.Item Impact of water scarcity on Agriculture in Mi Oya River Basin(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Madumali, G.V.H.M.; Manamperi, M.M.S.B.There is a finite amount of fresh water on earth and only 3% of the total water in the world is freshwater while less than 1% is readily usable by humans. Water availability varies in time and space. One river basin may be suffering extended drought while neighbouring river basins may be experiencing devastating floods. Water scarcity can be defined as a lack of sufficient water or not having access to safe water supplies. When considering the situation in the Mi Oya river basin, clearly it can be identified water scarcity in this area as mentioned by the definition. Therefore, the purpose of the study is, identify the impacts of water scarcity on agriculture while introducing mitigation methods to the recognized impacts. Accordingly, research problems seek answers for the questions of what are the main fields of agriculture affected by water scarcity and to which extent it impacts agricultural activities in this area. The main objective of the study is to identify the impact of water scarcity on agriculture in the Mi Oya river basin. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection through questionnaires, structural and semi-structural interviews, and case studies. As well as a mixed method of descriptive and analytical have been applied for the data analysis and discussion. Accordingly, results proved that paddy cultivation as the main field affected due to water scarcity and at least one season or abandon because of the insufficient water in the area. Therefore, people have to use adaptive methods for water scarcity. Finally, can be concluded that it is very important to recognize these kinds of impacts as we are having an agricultural economy and because of water scarcity considered as a global crisis around the world.Item Role of Information Technology in heritage tourism: UNESCO World Heritage sites of Sri Lanka(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Abeysinghe, A.; Abeysinghe, A.Heritage and Information Technology (IT) may seem inconsistent at first. But IT has a significant role in heritage tourism. IT provides effective resources by which heritage tourism has evolved as a modern tool without harming its cultural and heritage identity. IT applications in heritage tourism include many disciplines of computer science from workflow to archaeological discovery as well as to scientific preparation. As such, there are diverse areas of cooperation as well as interaction at different levels. The use of IT as a tool in heritage tourism has paved the way for a three-dimensional (3D) model with the use of input data such as photos and scans. At the same time, computer graphics have created accurate visual creations. Several applications of IT in heritage tourism such as 3-D Modelling, database management of records, online reservation systems, Content Management and marketing via websites and social media can be identified. In this age of Information Technology and with the fast access of information, tourists at present require fast and accurate information and they have a thirst for knowledge about the destinations they visit. Hence, it is the duty of stakeholders of heritage tourism to provide the necessary information for tourists without harming the historical and cultural nature as well as the value of the site while using modern technology and preserving heritage tourism for future generations. This paper will focus on the role of IT in heritage tourism in UNESCO World Heritage sites in Sri Lanka for enriching visitor experiences at World Heritage sites in Sri Lanka during the travel cycle. At present, the majority of tourists local as well as foreign accumulate information about World Heritage sites, make reservations as well as buy services available in relevant sites using search engines.Item Roman Artistic Motifs Found on the Sculpture of Eastern Frontispiece of Abhayagiriya(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Biyanwila, A.Ancient art is neither compact nor concise. It inspires and is inspired incessantly. Ancient Sri Lankan Art does not escape this truth. The presence of Indian influences such as Andhra, Gandhara, Mathura, Amaravati in Sri Lankan art has been discussed extensively. This paper discusses the Roman artistic influences on sculpture found at Eastern Vahalkada/frontispiece/Aika or Frontispiece of Abhayagiriya, Anuradhapura. The Roman motifs of candelabrum, cupids and griffins found at Abhayagiriya which is also composed of Acanthus foliage reminds us of ancient Roman art. This paper will analyze the said motifs extensively and it will compare each of the above motifs with the original forms and iconography to show the intended inspiration from the Roman artistic tradition. The analysis of the artistic motifs would then prove a possibility of cultural exchange between Ancient Sri Lanka and Rome which have rarely been discussed. This presence could not be missed, when it is supported by the historical proof of the presence of trade and political links between Sri Lanka and Rome. Hence, this paper will be studying a single case that will study Roman influences in Ancient Sri Lankan art and it will suffice to show that no form of art is exclusive but open and inspirational.Item The First Record of The Archeoastronomical Bind Rune Associated with Petroglyphs in Danigala Circular Rock, Sri Lanka(Journal of Archaeology, Tourism & Anthropology, 2020) Sumanarathna, Aravinda Ravibhanu; Aouititen, Majda; Taylor, Bernie; Sameera, Geeth; Katupotha, Jinadasa; Bandara, ArunaDanigala Rock is a unique geological site situated near Kandegama at Polonnaruwa district. The aerial view of the rock shows a semi-circular shape, which was affected by geological weathering. The northwest slope part of Danigala inselberg has interesting petroglyphs discovered in Chithra Lena (7°41'0.44"N | 81°12'45.66"E). These symbols are relatively new and, for the first time, discovered in Sri Lanka during an archaeoastronomical survey conducted by Eco Astronomy Sri Lanka in a corporation with Central Cultural Fund (Polonnaruwa-Alahana Parivena Project). These petroglyphs, now perceived and assessed as art, are mute science prints of ancient cultural vestiges of a bygone society. The predominant forms found are partially similar with few forms found in some sites in Sri Lanka, but with distinct differences in the engraving process. Notably, samples of the bind rune coding of Danigala petroglyphs are quite similar to bind rune’s symbols of Shamanic cultures. Besides, the engraving technique is remarkably similar to the technique used in the petroglyphs of Edakkal Caves in India. This paper is an attempt to document and analyze this bind rune coding in purpose to uncover the archaeo-astronomical meaning and the historical beliefs.
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