Symposia & Conferences
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Item 2020 රාජ්‍ය සාහිත්‍ය සම්මානිත හොඳම පද්‍ය සංග්‍රහයේ කාව්‍යාලංකාර භාවිතය පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනයක් (එරික් ඉලයප්ආරච්චි - හම්බාවා පද්‍ය සංග්‍රහය)(Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, 2021) ගුණරත්න, යූ. එම්. ඩී.මිනිස් සිතුවිලිවලට වඩාත් හෘදයාංගම වන කවියේ මුඛ්‍යාංග සිව් වැදෑරුම් වෙයි. ඒ කාව්‍ය ආකෘතිය, පරිකල්පනය, සංයත බව හා භාෂාවයි. කවියක ආකෘතිය පහළ වන්නේ වස්තු වින්‍යාසයේ අනිවාර්ය ඵලයක් ලෙසිනි. භාෂා විශාරදයෙකු, බහුශ්‍රැතයෙකු, සියුම් චින්තකයෙකු වන කුමන අයෙක් වුවද අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම මනාවූ පරිකල්පන ශක්තියකින් යුතු අයකු විය යුතුය. සෑම කවියකටම කිසියම් මුඛ්‍ය හැඟීමක් පාදක වන අතර කවියා සිය රචනයේදී සූචනය කිරීමට යත්න දරන්නේ එකී හැඟීම් සමුදායයි. කවියේ සංයත බව වන්නේ එයයි. කවියක සෞන්දර්යය, රමධෑය බව නඟාලීමට නිතැනින්ම දායක වන්නේ කාව්‍ය භාෂාවයි. කවියකට උචිත බසක් නොමැති වුවද භාෂාව හැසිරවීමට උචිත ක්‍රමයක් පවතී. සිත්තරුවෙක් පින්සලකින්ද කැමරාකරුවෙක් කාචයකින්ද මවන රූපය කවියා මවන්නේ භාෂාවෙනි. පෙරදිග මෙන්ම අපරදිග කවියෙන්ද ආභාසය ලැබූ ඉලයප්ආරච්චීන් සිය කාව්‍ය නිර්මාණවලට ව්‍යංග්‍යාර්ථවත් බස, අලංකාරෝක්තිවලින් පරිපුෂ්ට බස, කාව්‍යෝක්තීන්ගෙන් සැරසුණු බස සේම සංකේතාත්මක පද බාහුල්‍යය සහිත බස ආදි භාෂාවේ විවිධ ප්‍රභේද උපයෝගී කර ගත්තේය. කාව්‍යකරණයේදී භාෂාවට මූලිකත්වයක් දුන් එතුමා එය හඳුන්වන ලද්දේ “භාෂාව නම් සාහිත්‍ය යාතු කර්මයක්”ලෙසිනි. මෙහිදී “ කාව්‍යාලංකාර,” යන්නෙන් කාව්‍ය ශරීරය ශෝභාවත් වෙයි. එය ශබ්දාලංකාර හා අර්ථාලංකාර ලෙස දෙවැදෑරුම්ය. එබැවින් වෘත්තය, ලය, එළිසමය, අනුප්‍රාසය සහ යමකය යනාදී ශබ්දාලංකාරයන්ද උපමාලංකාර, රූපකාලංකාර, උත්ප්‍රේක්ෂාලංකාර, අතිශයෝක්ත්‍යාලංකාර ආදි අර්ථාලංකාරයන්ද “හම්බාවා” පද්‍ය සංග්‍රහයෙන් නිරූපණය වන ආකාරය පිළිබඳ විමසා බැලීම මෙහි පර්යේෂණ අරමුණයි. 2020 වර්ෂයේදී හොඳම කාව්‍ය සංග්‍රහයට හිමි සම්මානයට පාත්‍ර වීමට “හම්බාවා” පද්‍ය සංග්‍රහයේ “කාව්‍යාලංකාර භාවිතය” අභිභවා ගිය වෙනත් භාෂා ප්‍රභේදයන් හේතුභූත වී දැයි අධ්‍යයනය කිරීම මෙහි පර්යේෂණ ගැටලුවයි. ඒ සඳහා ප්‍රාථමික මූලාශ්‍රය ලෙෂ “හම්බාවා ” පද්‍ය සංග්‍රහය යොදා ගන්නා අතර ප්‍රාමාණික උගතුන්ගේ ශාස්ත්‍රීය ලිපි ලේඛනද ඇසුරු කර ගැනීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. කාව්‍යයක සාර්ථකත්වයට “කාව්‍යාලංකාර ” භාවිතයේ ඇති වැදගත්කම මෙමඟින් අධ්‍යයනය කළ හැකිය. අනූව දශකය, ඩොග්මේ සිනමාව, පෙරටුගාමී සිනමාව, සිනමා ශෛලීන්Item 70, 80 දශකවලට සාපේක්‍ෂ ව නූතන නාට්‍ය ජනගත නොවීම සම්බන්ධ ව විමසීමක්(Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Godakanda Arachchi, E.K.Item 90 දශකයේ බිහිවූ ඩොග්මේ සිනමාව පිළිබඳ විමසුමක්(Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, 2021) සඳරුවන්, එල්. ජී. එස්. යූ.සාහිත්‍යය, සංගීතය, නර්තනය, චිත්‍ර යනාදි සියලුම කලා මාධ්‍යන්ට වඩා සිනමාව ප්‍රබල කලා මාධ්‍යයක් ලෙස කලා විචාරකයෝ හඳුන්වති. එය කර්මාන්තයක් වන අතරම සමාජයේ විවිධ ක්ෂේත්‍ර විදහාපාන කැඩපතකි. ලෝකයේ සිනමාව නම් කලා මාධ්‍යයට ඇත්තේ වසර 100ක තරම් කෙටි ඉතිහාසයකි. ලෝකයේ අනෙකුත් කලා මාධ්‍යයන්ට සාපේක්ෂව විමසීමේදී එය සතුව ඇත්තේ ඉතා කෙටි ඉතිහාසයක් බව පැහැදිලිය. එම සිනමා ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ මතු වූ ප්‍රබලතම සහ පුරෝගාමී මැදිහත් වීමක් සේ ඩොග්මේ සිනමාව හඳුන්වාදිය හැකිවන්නේ එම සිනමාව තුළ වූ මතවාදී හා ප්‍රායෝගිකත්වය හැඩය සුවිශේෂ වන බැවිනි. පෙරටුගාමී සිනමා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන මෙම සිනමා ශෛලිය ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවේදී Dogm f,i;a" ලෙසත්, ඩෙන්මාර්ක් භාෂාවෙන් Dogme ලෙසත් සම අරුත් ගන්වයි. මෙම ඩොග්මේ සිනමාව එවකට සමස්ත සිනමාවම මුහුණ දෙන නිශ්චිත ප්‍රවණතාවන් හා අභියෝගයන් හඳුනාගනිමින් ඒ කෙරෙහි මුහුණ දිය යුතු ස්වභාවය හඳුනාගනිමින් හා එය විග්‍රහකරමින් ප්‍රායෝගිකව භාවිත වන්නට විය. මෙම 90 දශකයේ බිහිවූ ඩොග්මේ සිනමාවේ සංවර්ධනය, අරමුණු, නීති, නිර්මාණකරුවන් මෙන්ම එම සිනමා ශෛලියේ අවසානයද කලා කෘති කිහිපයක් ඇසුරෙන් මෙම පර්යේෂණ පත්‍රිකාව සකස් කිරීම මෙහි අරමුණයි. ඩොග්මේ සිනමාවේ ඉහත දැක්වූ කරුණු සාකච්ඡා කිරීමට The Celebration, The Idiots, Lovers, Julien Donkey Boy චිත්‍රපට උපයෝගී කරගැනීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. ප්‍රාථමික මූලාශ්‍රය ලෙෂ ඩොග්මේ 95 ප්‍රකාශනය සහ කන්‍යාභාවයේ දිවුරුම (Vow of Chastity) නම් සුප්‍රකට ලියවිලි යොදා ගන්නා අතර ද්විතීක මූලාශ්‍රය ලෙස විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍රයට අදාළ ග්‍රන්ථ, තෘතීය මූලාශ්‍රය වශයෙන් පුවත්පත් හා අන්තර්ජාලය භාවිත කෙරේ. මේ සඳහා යෝජිත පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රමවේදයන් වශයෙන් කැලණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ සිනමා හා රූපවාහිනී විශේෂවේදී උපාධියේ පළමු වසර මෙන්ම දෙවන වසර සිසුන් 100 නියැදියක් ගෙන ඔවුන්ගෙන් ප්‍රශ්නමාලා ක්‍රමය, සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡා ක්‍රමය මගින් තොරතුරු රැස් කිරීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වේ. කලාව යනු විශ්වීය භාෂාවක් වේ. ඩොග්මේ සිනමාව මගින් මිනිසාගේ හුදු රසාස්වාදයට වූ බලපෑම තුලනාත්මකව තක්සේරු කරලීම මෙහි ප්‍රධාන අරමුණයි.Item Abeywardhana Dilki Sandarekha Jasing; Perera H.D.; Achini Poornika; Gunawardhana H.G.; Sureshika Lakthilini; Dissanayaka R.A. Nethmi Madhara (2021), The Gothic Elements in the Sri Lankan Film “Garasarapa”, Undergraduate Research Symposium, Faculty of Humanities Undergraduate Research Symposium, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. 121p.(Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, 2021) Abeywardhana, Dilki Sandarekha Jasing; Perera, H.D. Achini Poornika; Gunawardhana, H.G. Sureshika Lakthilini; Dissanayaka, R.A. Nethmi MadharaThis research study seeks to examine the gothic representations depicted via religion and superstition in the Sri Lankan contemporary film Garasarapa (2018). Garasarapa [The Lurking Serpent] directed by Jayantha Chandrasiri has been selected as the primary source for this research. This research study argues that the representation of gothic elements in this film explores the impact of the Sri Lankan culture in the expression of religion, such as Buddhism and Christianity since the 21st century. Moreover, the gothic ideologies and belief systems prevalent within Sri Lankan society are demonstrated through the demonology of Black Prince; Kalu Kumaraya. The review of previous research on gothic literature reveals the East Asian gothic elements, gothic symbology in film and television, beliefs concerning myth and monstrosity and the uncanny in Asian Diasporic film and literature. However, the study reveals the presence of a lacuna in the area of study concerning the impact of the Sri Lankan culture in representing religion and gothic ideologies in the film, Garasarapa. Textual analysis is the primary research method used in this study to chiefly examine the visual text. Since the research examines historical events, the study will also be conducted according to a historical approach while taking into consideration the subjectivity of the researchers involved in the study. This research study aspires to examine the manner in which the Sri Lankan culture has influenced the portrayal and expression of religion and gothic ideology within the Sri Lankan society. Moreover, this study argues that Garasarapa is a reflection of Sri Lankan social and cultural values, ideologies and traditions, contributing to the depiction of an Asian gothic element usage in the film.Item Acara Rasayana. - A concept from Sanskrit Literature for Holistic Health.(International Conference on Sanskrit Studies, 2017 Department of Sanskrit, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Sarangee, Y.; Wimalasiri, G.The present day life is full of competition. To cope up with the psychological problems people turn to different types of healing systems. Rasayana is the rejuvenation therapy to prevent old age and diseases and it enhance good memory power, intelligence, strength and longevity. Sanskrit medical Literature has described certain rules and regulations to be followed by an individual to keep a sound mind and a sound body. This study is aimed to find Sanskrit revelation for a specific treatment method mentioned in Ayurveda authentic books for complete physical, mental and social well being of a human life. Ayurveda Samhitas in Sanskrit were used in the study to collect information. Acara rasayana is a rejuvenation method which helps to gain all the above benefits by good behavioral changes and good code of conduct; but without any involvement of drug usage. Samhitas elaborate detailed instructions regarding Acara rasayana. It advices to uplift the good qualities of human life while improving the personality. Also this code of good conduct according to Acara rasayana improves individuals by developing social relationships, enabling individuals to obtain better physical health and enhance spiritual well being. According to Ayurveda a human creature is created with conjugation of Sharira, Indriya, Satva and Athma. Hence a set of virtuous acts are mentioned in the context of Acara rasayana relevant to sharira (body), indriya (sensory organs), satva (mind) and athma (soul) in order to obtain above mentioned benefits. The complete effect of rasayana cannot be achieved by purifying the body itself; there must be a method to purify the mind and soul. The knowledge of Acara rasayana which is in Sanskrit should be revealed to the world with the accurate meaning of their terminologies. Quality research which goes hand in hand with this knowledge will be helpful to bring out healthy nations worldwide.Item Acceptance and Use of Emergency Online Learning Post Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study Based on ESL teachers and Students in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, 2021) Dilhara, S. R.; Herath, H. M. D. N.; Kavindi, M. K. R.The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted tremendously on daily functions, and the education sector has undergone major changes. Notably, the shift to emergency online learning has led to a myriad of positive and negative perceptions from both teachers and students. Though e-learning has been prevalent since Education 4.0 emerged as an aftermath of the Industrial Revolution, it came into the spotlight during the Covid-19 pandemic. As a post study to the two preliminary studies the researchers have done on the attitudes of ESL teachers and students towards online learning, this study was developed with the objective of investigating if both the teachers and the students would prefer online learning in a post Covid-19 world. For the purpose of achieving the objective, the researchers conducted survey research with online questionnaires and interviews as a part of the mixed-method approach employed. The same sample of sixty teachers from primary, secondary, and tertiary levels and a hundred tertiary level students from major state universities were selected. As the data disclose, the majority of the teachers have mentioned that their computer literacy is low level and connection issues are a major barrier. If e-learning is to be continued post pandemic, teacher-training programs and projects related to enhancing the facilities of e-learning are essential. The student responses reveal that they are deprived of social interaction that might lead to increased stress, frustration, anxiety, avoidance of lessons, and notable behavioural changes. Therefore, both the teachers and the students prefer on-sight classrooms post pandemic. Observing the results of the previous research studies and upon the comparison of the results of the two preliminary studies, the researchers came to the conclusion that the ESL teachers and tertiary level students in Sri Lanka highly believe on-sight classes should be conducted in the post Covid-19 world.Item The Accuracy of the Usage of Prepositions by Learners of English as a Second Language in Dictation Tasks: Primary and Secondary Levels in Schools(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Jayasinghe, R.R.English prepositions are often vague and confusing, and extremely hard for Sinhala speaking ESL (English as a second language) learners to learn the nuances of all the prepositions. Littlefield (2006) has found four categories in the domain of English prepositions based on ± lexical and functional categories: adverbial prepositions [+lexical, -functional], particles [-lexical, - functional], semi-lexical prepositions [+lexical, + functional] and functional prepositions [-lexical, + functional]. The aim of the study is to examine the accuracy patterns in the usage of English prepositions of ESL students in Sri-Lankan schools, comparing primary and secondary levels. The research problem of this study is, whether these ESL learners would initially imitate the sentences with different prepositional categories differently in the lower grades and by Grade 10, all the prepositional categories would be imitated equally well. A pool of 316 students from two government schools participated in this study, and 65 of the students were randomly selected from each Grade: Grade 4, Grade 6, Grade 8 and Grade 10 for the test. A Dictation task in which the sentence battery had a total number of 40 sentences, including 10 sentences each to test the four categories of prepositions found by Littlefield, used in this test to collect data. Students were asked to listen to the recorded sentences one by one carefully, and write them down. The scripts were marked and the scores were analysed by using Excel spread sheets and SPSS 12 using the experimental method. An ANOVA was run to investigate the significant variances between the correct use of the four categories of prepositions by these students across these four Grades. The findings can be applied to facilitate teaching prepositions in ESL classrooms from Grade 4 to Grade 10, and also in making the necessary changes in school syllabuses, text books and lesson plans on the relevant course units on prepositions.Item The Accuracy on the Usage of Active Voice and Passive Voice by Learners of English as a Second Language: Tertiary Level.(The Third International Conference on Linguistics in Sri Lanka, ICLSL 2017. Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Jayasinghe, R.R.In English grammar, voice refers to the form of verb in a sentence: Active voice or Passive voice. In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action where as in passive form, the subject receives the action. In English Language, there are 12 tenses to indicate active voice, but the possibility of transforming them to passive voice depends on the given verb and the context of the sentence. Though the active voice verbs are stronger and usually more empathetic than the passive voice verbs, the university undergraduates of the Faculty of Science have to master the passive voice accurately in order to report their experiments and research findings quite frequently. However, even having a good knowledge of the 12 tenses in active voice, many ESL (English as a Second Language) learners fail to transform some of them into passive voice successfully. The aim of this study is to examine the accuracy patterns of the ESL learners‟ usage of passive voice and thereby to find out the causes of these learners‟ difficulties in transforming active voice sentences into passive voice. The hypothesis of this study is, the intralingual difficulties in English language, create undergraduates‟ errors in passive voice construction. A pool of 150 Physical Science first year students of University of Kelaniya were examined in this study. These students were given a writing task to transform active voice sentences of all the 12 tenses in English language into passive voice. These students‟ accuracy was marked and analyzed by using an ANOVA test followed by an HD Tukey test in SPSS. The results showed a substantial number of significant variances between the accuracy of passive voice sentences in different tenses. This study concludes that the students make errors in transforming active voice to passive voice due to the interlingual difficulties caused by the negative influence of their first language, Sinhala, and also the intralingual difficulties in their target language, English. These findings can be used to facilitate teaching passive voice in ESL classrooms at the tertiary level.Item Acoustic evidence for three selected phonological norms of Standard Sri Lankan English(University of Kelaniya, 2015) Widyalankara, R.C.The phonology of Standard Sri Lankan English (SSLE) reflects a strong influence from the vernaculars of Sri Lanka: Sinhala and Tamil. This results in deviations from the donor colonial Standard British English pronunciation. This study provides acoustic evidence for threeselected phonological norms of SSLE: retreat of the diphthongs /ei/ and /əʊ/ to the unmarked /e:/ and /o:/ respectively; the absence of /ɒ/;presence and the differentiation of the back vowels /ɔ/, /o/; the retreat of the vowels central mid /ʌ/ and back /ɑ:/ to central open position as /ɑ/ /ɑ:/. Evidence is compiled through Rate of Change in the diphthongs and F1 and F2 formant readings of acoustic documentation from elicitations of two bilingual case study subjects are compared to data in literature. Of the two bilingual case study subjects one has Sinhala and the other Tamil as the first language while SSLE is their second language. Theoretical underpinning invokes language specific markednessconstraint ranking and retreat to the unmarked.Item Acquisition of English Language Proficiency through Innovative Linguistic Techniques(University of Kelaniya, 2015) Rathnasiri, R.M.In the present context, undergraduates, graduates and scholars of various disciplines should be proficient in the use of English for the acquisition and imparting of global knowledge and for the pursuance of research work. To make this a reality within a short period, a rapid method of teaching and learning English is to be fruitfully adopted. This methodology encompasses six major phases. They are (1) Rapid Introduction to all the English Grammar on bulk accumulation basis set in a causal orderliness of English Grammar Lessons. (2) Acquisition of English Grammar through systematic written and oral exercises, practical assignments and presentations. (3) Rapid access to Formation of Words –Systematic and gradual application of Affixes –Prefixes and Suffixes to form words –Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs and Adverbs. (4) Intensive study of all the English Grammar in a single exercise through the “Analysis of Grammar under Tenfold Lesson” by means of extracts, paragraphs, passages etc. written in uncontrolled structured English. (5) Application of all the grammar lessons in a single exercise such as a miniature story, paragraph, Jātaka tale, Sutta etc. until the proficiency in language is well acquired. (6) A systematic approach to the acquisition of Proficiency in Speech in academic standard and the inclusion of all the English Grammar in a single exercise for speech practice. This methodology adopts a threefold function: (1) Construction of Sentences, (2) Combination of Sentences and (3) Transformation of Sentences. “Orderliness of English Grammar Lessons” provides a learner with a rapid access to a comprehensive knowledge of English Grammar; “Analysis of Grammar in Tenfold Lesson” develops an integrated insight into the entire syntactic behaviour of English, Formation of Words–Use of Affixes acts as a swift lexis builder and eventually the “Application of Pedagogic Linguistic Techniques through activity based exercises in pair and groups guides students to gain the overall proficiency in English.Item Acquisition of English Prepositions in Writing by ESL Learners(University of Kelaniya, 2015) Jayasinghe, R.R.English prepositions are difficult for ESL (English as a second language) learners mainly for two reasons: (1) The cross linguistic variations between L1 and L2 (first language and second language). (2) The polysemy of English prepositions where they are used to denote a wide range of meanings in different perspectives. Littlefield (2006) has investigated four categories of prepositions through the analysis of naturalistic speech of five English speaking first language children (aged 1;2-2;3) as follows: Adverbial prepositions [+Lexical, -Functional], Particles [-Lexical,-Functional], Semi-lexical prepositions [+Lexical, +Functional], Functional prepositions [-Lexical, +Functional]. Littlefield also has shown that the acquisition of categories of prepositions with [–Functional] features rank higher than the categories of prepositions with [+ Functional] features. She considered as [+Lexical] those that contribute semantic content, and as [+Functional] those that are able to check Case of their complements. The present study sets to examine the acquisition of prepositions by Sinhala speaking learners of English with respect to Littlefield (2006) findings. It investigates whether the same ranking in acquisition of the four categories of prepositions can be validated by the Sinhala speaking ESL learners’ responses in a writing task. A picture story writing task in which the prepositions needed to be abundantly used was utilized in order to collect elicited production data from 40 students of Grade 4 who were randomly selected from two government schools. Quantitative statistical analysis using SPSS was used to find out whether there were significant differences between the acquisition of each set of two different categories out of these four categories of prepositions. If prepositions with [-Functional / +Lexical] feature rank higher than the prepositions with [+Functional /-Lexical] feature respectively, relevant order can be used as a guideline in the ESL class-room to facilitate teaching of prepositions through writing tasks.Item Acquisition of locative and directional prepositions by ESL learners of Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2015) Jayasinghe, R.R.The aim of the study is to examine whether the ESL learners whose first language is Sinhala, acquire locative prepositions better than the directional prepositions initially, and this particular lexicalization difficulty in acquisition slowly disappears by the time the learners reach the tertiary level education. Space related language manifests itself in different ways. In English it appears as prepositions. Mastering the use of spatial prepositions is one of the challenging tasks that the English language learners face. Spatial prepositions are of two types: (1) Locative prepositions, for example, The candle(figure) is on the table(ground) (2) Directional prepositions, for example, The horse(figure) jumped over the wall (ground). Locative and directional prepositions in English language occur before the groundof the spatial scene whereas in Sinhala language, postpositions are used instead. Stinger (2005) has shown that the directional prepositions (traversal paths) present a particular lexicalization difficulty in the early stages of acquisition of English, French and Japanese as the first language. A dictation task was administered to 185 students from two government schools and the performance of 20 students was analysed from each of the following grades: Grade 8, Grade 10, and Grade 12. A sentence battery consisting of 20 sentences of which 10 sentences each contained locative and directional prepositions was used. Students were asked to listen to the each sentence carefully and write it down. The elicited imitation method was used to collect data and quantitative statistical analysis was computed using SPSS to find out whether there is a significant difference between the accuracy of the locative and directional prepositions within and across the grades. As the outcome of this research, if one category of spatial prepositions shows an initial advantage over the other, the relevant order can be used as a guideline in the ESL class-room to facilitate the teaching of spatial prepositions in the relevant grades. If this particular acquisition difficulty disappears by Grade 12, both categories of spatial prepositions can be introduced at equal frequency at the tertiary level through dictation.Item The Acquisition of Modal Verbs "Hui", "Neng" and "Keyi" by the Sri Lankan Students: An Error Analysis(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Piyumali, D.M.R.Using modal verbs correctly is a problematic area for the Sri Lankan students in learning Chinese, especially for the students in the primary level. One of the reasons for this is the number of Chinese modal verbs that are complex in their usage. Modal verbs are limited in number and they have characteristics different from the general syntax. "Hui", "neng" and "keyi" in Chinese represent the possibility of the auxiliary verb. Though their usage is similar, they can not be adjudged identical. Many Sri Lankan students use them in a bias prone manner. This paper analyses the semantic and grammatical features of "hui", "neng" and "keyi", studies the errors related to them and recommends suggestions to avoid them. The main method of investigation has been a questionnaire provided to the students learning Chinese. Data were collected from eighty students reading Chinese at Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa University and the University of Kelaniya. On the basis of the analysis of errors, the author discusses the causes for errors and points out the main reasons for the negative transfer of mother tongue such as learning strategies, teachers and teaching materials, the difficulty of the target language itself...etc. According to the above analysis, some suggestions are put forward from different perspectives, hoping to improve the effectivity of teaching and the learning efficiency of the Sri Lanka students learning Chinese.Item Active reading, Lakshyartha and metaphor (A Study on the Poetry of Anuradha Nilmini, Nadun Yasitha Dasanayake and Lakshantha Athukorala)(Department of Sinhala, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Gunarathne, OsandaThe relationship between the writer and the reader, is formed through the creation of meaning in a literary work. Criticizing poetic creations with special attention to the creation of meaning is a special feature of both Eastern and Western literary criticism. Wijayawardena (1967) who is engaged in an analysis of the various criticisms used for the criticism of Sanskrit literature, based on the ideas of Anandawardena's Dhvanyaloka, affirms the importance of the generation of meaning in the generation of rasa, which is the ultimate result of a literary work. Wijayawardena, who further shows the relationship between rasa and dhvani, also commented on the emergence of the meanings of Vachya, Lakshya and Vyangya respectively from the association of Abhidha, Lakshya and Vyanjana, which are the means of creating meaning. Citing the views of modern critics such as Stephen Dobbins, Ted Cohen and Edward Hirsch in his new work, Amarakirti (2016), highlights the importance of metaphor in modern Western literary criticism, emphasizing how much it influences the reader for active reading. It is the acceptance of Sanskrit poetic criticism that metaphor is an outgrowth of meaning. Accordingly, it is allowed to construct the hypothesis that the literary work user or friend is also used in building a relationship with the poetry. In a quantitative study of modern Sinhala literary criticism, this birth is more important because it appears that the modern Sinhala literary critic is motivated to consider the metaphor as a mere poetic expression, even if he only focuses on the literal and figurative meaning, but does not pay attention to the purpose. In this study, this hypothesis is researched through the poetic works of Lakshantha Athukorala, Nadun Yasitha Dasanayake and Anuradha Nilmini, who are notable poets of modern Sinhala literature. In selecting these poets the researcher was influenced with his personal preference as well as the fact that their work have been awarded during last decade. The research problem was to investigate how these writers have used metaphors to bring out the meaning in order to encourage the readership to actively enjoy the poetry, and the aim of the research was to confirm that modern poets not only use metaphors but also the creation of meaning through active readership. To collect data, the library and the internet were used through the qualitative research method and it was analyzed using the descriptive method.Item The actual use of honorifics in Japanese: focusing on Sri Lankan university students(Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Rajapaksha, K.A.In linguistics, an honorific is a grammatical form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of the conversation. Honorifics involve changing the way one speaks as a result of the relationship between two people and the setting of the conversation. In Japanese language many honorifics can be found as a part of speech which shows the respect, and their use is mandatory in many social situations. Honorifics in Japanese used to emphasize social distance or disparity in rank, or to emphasize the social intimacy or similarity in rank. Japanese can be roughly separated into three levels of politeness: casual, polite, and honorific/humble. And the most important factor to remember is that the speaker always considers himself/herself to be at the lowest level. When non-native speakers learn Japanese language, it is impossible to avoid the honorific, because it is a very important way of expressing the politeness to the others in Japan. But, honorifics are one of the difficult parts of Japanese for Japanese learners. Furthermore, the complexity of the honorific system in Japanese constitutes a special difficulty for foreign learners, not only in terms of the range of expressions available, but also with regard to the underlying input features which determine selection and use. The purpose of this research is to find the actual use of honorifics of Sri Lankan university students. Researches have been done on honorific expressions targeting Japanese people in different angles. So far, there has been no research conducted regarding Japanese learners in Sri Lanka. Therefore a survey on honorific expressions was conducted mainly focusing on the university students who are learning Japanese at the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. In this research University students were divided into five categories. Those are (1) First year students, (2) Second year students, (3) Third year students, (4) Special Second year students and (5) Students who visited Japan. The major finding was the knowledge of the honorific expressions of the students who visited Japan was comparatively high than the other students. The results of the survey reveal the awareness and actual use of honorific expressions of the students who learn Japanese in the University level.Item Advice from a Journal Editor(University of Kelaniya, 2015) Braine, G.Publication in international refereed journals is now a requirement for career advancement in most countries. The presenter, who edited an applied linguistics journal for 10 years, has observed that manuscripts submitted by many authors are not even sent out for review because the authors appear to be unaware of the publication process. This seminar provides participants advice on how to succeed in getting past the gatekeepers (journal editors and manuscript reviewers) when submitting manuscripts to academic journals, with specific reference to journals in applied linguistics. Some of the topics covered are understanding the publication process, choosing the right publication, generating more than one publication from a study, replicating research, composing effective titles, using clear visuals, drafting clear cover letters, making the editors’ and reviewers’ tasks easier, and revising effectively.Item Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition(Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Shashikala, H.P.L.W.The notion that there is a biologically determined period set for language acquisition is referred to as the Critical Period Hypothesis. This critical period which is thought to be sometime between age five and puberty has been the subject of long term debate. This study examines the impact of age on learners‟ second language acquisition with a focus on non-native speakers of English at undergraduate level. The sample consists of eighty students studying in the first academic year at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura and both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected from the sample. The first phase of the study involves a questionnaire administered to the selected subjects and in order to validate answers of the questionnaire, a structured interview is carried out. The second phase involves the assessment of their reading, listening, speaking and writing skills and the final phase involves a comparison between the age and amount of exposure to English during these students‟ pre-puberty period and the level of proficiency which they have shown when their second language skills are tested. The findings promote age as affective in second language acquisition. This study provides strong empirical evidence to support the assumption that learners can learn a language with no difficulty up to a certain age after which the language learning abilities decline because the plasticity of a child‟s brain is lost at puberty. Precisely, cognitive immaturity is the best for second language learning not maturity. This research challenges the argument which some researchers hold that similarities between children and adults mastering a second language are greater than differences. Therefore, it is highly recommended that a target language is introduced to children at a very early stage of their life. It is hoped that this research will spur more in depth studies in the area of second language acquisition. Further, it is strongly believed that extensive use and exposure to the language being learnt can make a positive impact on learning. It is also recommended that similar studies are conducted with a large number of students in order to draw generalisations regarding the said subject matter. Further, substantial future research can focus on other factors identified as affective in second language acquisition.Item Analogies in Jaffna Tamil Dialect - A Linguistics Perception with Nannuul.(The Third International Conference on Linguistics in Sri Lanka, ICLSL 2017. Department of Linguistics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Mohan, S.The languages, which evolve with the trend, survive for long. The languages, which could not cope-up with the trend, are distorted. In this respect, Tamil language is the most cherished and antique language among the classical languages in the world. It is observed from the analogical aspects of Tamil language, that Tamil language has been defined and nourished by the language scholars and linguists in the evolving era of languages as per the time. In Sri Lanka, Tamil language has several dialects. Among these dialects, Jaffna Tamil represents the major variety, which is located in the Northern part of the country. In addition, Jaffna Tamil has been sufficiently isolated from the other dialects through having the individual features in the dialect.This research study aims at tracing the antiqueness of Jaffna Tamil dialect and identifying the analogical aspects in that dialects, then those are compared with „Nannuul‟, the ancient grammatical book with the limitations of past tense verb formation. The primary data sources are collected from direct observation and discussion methodologies from the people speaking Jaffna Tamil dialect and secondary data derived from the available articles on Tamil grammar and Jaffna Tamil dialect. In the sentence structure, various analogical aspects in Jaffna Tamil dialect are put forward and the primitiveness is proven by comparing those aspects with „Nannuul‟ through this research. As the research analysis, this study reveals that the Jaffna Tamil dialect has more analogies and different suffixes in verb formation specified in the „Nannuul‟ different from general Tamil dialect. Moreover, this research is beneficial to those who learn Tamil as a second language based on the Jaffna Tamil dialect by getting clarity on that and to register the specific features of Jaffna Tamil dialect.Item An Analogy between Linguistics and Science: A comparative study(University of Kelaniya, 2015) Silva, S.U.T.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It mainly comprises three aspects including language form, language meaning, and language in context. On the other hand, science involves the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.The main objective of this paper is to present diverse and multidirectional relationships between these two disciplines which are apparently separated from each other due to the fact that they belong to completely different domains. Therefore, the research problem that the researcherintended to investigate in this study is “What similarities do languages have with theories of science as far as their characteristics are concerned?” This study was conducted in three stages. In the initial stage of data collecting, the primary methodology infocus is to extract specific characteristics and virtues of scientific theories while investigating major breakthroughs in the history of science. Secondly, an attempt was made to link these fundamental qualities to features of language while identifying the linguistic approach that is hidden in scientific theories. Similarly,philosophical ideologies of Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend were analyzed with special attention. In the final stage, seven such characteristics were established while concluding the extent to which linguistics and science are similar in the core nature of their qualities.These conclusions are based purely on a qualitative analysiswhere an analogy is seen from a dynamic perspective.Item Analysing the effectiveness of group work in the ESL classroom(International Conference on the Humanities (ICH 2018/2019), Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Deveniguru, D.K.L.C.; Ratnayake, A. R. M. J. C.; Thilakawardana, I.G.L.S.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using Cooperative Learning, (CL) which is also known as Group work, in the English as a Second Language (ESL) Classroom. The survey was conducted at the Faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya and the data was gathered through a randomly selected sample of 25 undergraduates of the first year belonging to the Basic Level. The selected group had scored marks ranging from 0-39 at the English Placement Test conducted by the Faculty of Arts. A majority of the undergraduates who follow the Basic Level pay less attention to ESL as most of the courses in their curriculum are offered in either Sinhala or Tamil. So, they show less interest in most of the activities done in the ESL classroom. Moreover, their inhibition towards English language learning as well as the lack of self-confidence can be identified as major obstacles in their learning process. Therefore, a group speech activity was chosen as a remedial method to assess the effectiveness of co-operative learning. To carry out this study, the randomly chosen undergraduates (25) were instructed to do a speech activity. The target group of students were divided equally into 05 groups and they were asked to do a group presentation on a topic related to a current issue. The data gathered from the students were then analysed and the findings were discussed. Through this study, the following main hypotheses can be drawn forward. (a) CL technique enables the learners to feel more comfortable in using the Second Language (L2) spontaneously. (b) CL technique has a positive impact on the level of motivation which ultimately leads to a higher level of proficiency in the Target Language (TL). Data collection involved both qualitative and quantitative methods. Both, students and instructors were given questionnaires to mark their preferences. Both questionnaires were then analysed and compared. The students‘ questionnaire demonstrated that they have a positive attitude towards CL or group work. The results of the instructors‘ questionnaire revealed that CL can play a vital role in language learning and teaching. Through the responses stated at the interviews both the students and instructors revealed that the CL technique creates a positive atmosphere and a less threatening classroom. Moreover, through the findings of this research it was posited that CL technique develops self-confidence of the students, reduces classroom anxiety and inhibition and most importantly that it allows students to learn from each other.