AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL STUDY ON JAIN “ANEKĀNTAVĀDA” (NON-ABSOLUTISM)

Abstract

Jainism is an ancient religion that originated in India, tracing its roots to the 1st Tirthankara, Lord Rishabhanatha, who is believed to have lived millions of years ago. Emphasizing non-violence (ahiṃsā), truth (satya), non-possessiveness (aparigraha), and non-absolutism (Anekāntavāda), Jainism was developed by successive Tirthankaras. The 24th and last Tirthankara, Lord Mahavira, lived around the 6th century BCE. Jainism teaches that spiritual liberation involves freeing the soul from the cycle of reincarnation (samsara) through asceticism, self-discipline, and right conduct. Central to Jain philosophy is the belief in karma, the law of cause and effect, which dictates the soul's journey through various life forms based on its actions. One of the most important teachings of Jainism is Anekāntavāda, which translates to "the doctrine of non-absolutism" or "the principle of manifold aspects." Some scholars consider Anekāntavāda the core of Jain epistemology. It encourages the acknowledgment of multiple viewpoints and perspectives in understanding truth, teaching that reality is complex and cannot be fully grasped from one standpoint alone. Truth is seen as multifaceted, with different viewpoints contributing to a more comprehensive understanding. Anekāntavāda promotes humility and respect for differing opinions, fostering tolerance and harmony among individuals with diverse beliefs. It encourages an open-minded attitude, deeper understanding of the world, and empathy towards others. This principle is fundamental in Jain philosophy, with profound implications for interpersonal relationships, philosophical discourse, and ethical decision-making. This study delves into the epistemological dimensions of Jain philosophy, focusing on the principle of Anekāntavāda As a foundational concept in Jainism, Anekāntavāda advocates for the multiplicity and relativity of truths, challenging monolithic perspectives of reality and promoting a pluralistic view where diverse, often contradictory, perspectives can coexist. The research examines the origins and development of Anekāntavāda within the broader context of Indian philosophy, highlighting its unique contributions to epistemology. By analyzing classical Jain texts and contemporary interpretations, this study elucidates how Anekāntavāda addresses the complexities of knowledge and truth. It explores the methodological approaches used by Jain philosophers to reconcile conflicting viewpoints, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of reality. The study also considers the practical implications of Anekāntavāda in fostering tolerance and dialogue in a pluralistic society. Through a critical analysis of its theoretical foundations and practical applications, this research underscores the relevance of Anekāntavāda in contemporary epistemological debates.